Essay on Analyzing Early Mesopotamian Civilization

When analyzing ancient civilization and how it began, there are many elements and aspects that should be considered. Questions such as how did civilization begin? What lead to its creation? Where did it begin, and why in that particular location? Many of these questions can be examined and answered by researching what many believe is the world’s earliest civilization, Mesopotamia. It is widely believed that this region was chosen and supported one of the world’s first civilizations. This area was settled over 10,000 years ago by a group of people known as the Sumerians (Cunningham Reich, 2010). Why was this early civilization formed? There are many reasons as to why the Sumerians established the world’s first society. Many of†¦show more content†¦Raw materials for development were also a significant factor in why the Mesopotamian’s choose their location for community development. The Mesopotamia region is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East. Today, much of that area is now considered to be modern Iraq. Through the domestication of many animal types, materials such as leather, wool and fibers were readily available. The area provided other needed survival materials as well such as water for fisheries, dates trees for food and some lumber, and a soil that suitable for making pottery as well as mud bricks for the creation of dwellings. A significant limitation of the area though was its lack of a significant wood source than the date palm, which could only be used in a limited form and would not support the building of a structure or home. Less of an issue, but still a limitation of the area was the regions lack of significant stone and metal. Marble was one of the only stones available in the region, but required a lengthy desert journey on foot to obtain it. As the fledgling civilization was forming, a number of very important developments began to take shape. The first, and probably most important was the development of an early literary system or writing system. The Sumerians began developing the early writing system by imprinting shapes onto wet clay pots to symbolize what was contained within each piece of pottery.Show MoreRelatedHow Do The Neolithic And Paleolithic Revolutions Differ?1657 Words   |  7 Pagesnow specialize on other things like building tools, architecture, science, etc. This creates a tremendous impact because it allows the civilization to advance in areas other than growth. New ideas can make the society more efficient and quickly increase the carrying capacity. 3. What controversy exists over the use of the term civilization? The term civilization has acquired a controversy because of the connotations it has adapted to carry. A civilized society is one that is credited with agricultureRead MoreComparing The River Valley Civilizations1509 Words   |  7 PagesComparing and Contrasting River Valley Civilizations In the following treatise, the research that will be presented will provide criteria involving similarities and differences in three attributes of life in the four primary river valley civilizations. The river valley civilizations are composed of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. While each of these civilizations is unique in their habits and traditions, they share many similar qualities. For this work to be as comprehensive asRead MoreThe Destruction Of Ancient Mesopotamia1324 Words   |  6 PagesIn analyzing the present, one must evaluate the past. For ancient civilizations the most important part of life was having a food source. For this reason, early human civilizations were usually established on or near a water source. 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This may be because for an ancient civilization, Egypt was astounding in regards of technology. They did not just build one model of their ideal pyramid, instead they created many over and over again, to establish a perfect resting place for their ruler and the ruler’s family. This verifies thatRead MoreThe Testament Of The Old Testament Essay2307 Words   |  10 Pagesreligious documentations consist of four parts. These four sections include the Old Testaments are the laws, history, wisdom and prophecy. The laws are a rule of behavior enforced within the community. The rules are sometimes called â€Å"Torah.† When analyzing these Torah, these rules were located in the first five spiritual books of the Bible. For example, in the first Torah in Genesis, it explains the creation, Noah’s Flood, Abraham and Isaac, and Joseph’s coats of many colors. However, the laws in ExodusRead MorePredynastic And Dynastic Egypt1604 Words   |  7 Pagesarticles, one can discuss different views and possible explanations for state formation in ancient Egypt. The first article that was taken into consideration was Lords of the Two Lands: The Origins of Dynastic Egypt by Wenke. Wenke begins by analyzing traditional views on Egyptian state formation and the evidence that supports it. The author continues by discussing archeologists who provided significant contributions to ancient Egypt research and by offering several different theories for stateRead MoreReligion Unit 1 Complete : The Old Testament Essay2305 Words   |  10 Pagesdocumentations consisted of four parts. These four sections retrieved from the Old Testaments are the laws, history, wisdom and prophecy. The laws are a rule of behavior enforced within the community. The rules are sometimes called â€Å"Torah.† When analyzing this Torah, these rules viewed within the first five spiritual books of the Bible. For example, in the first Torah in Genesis, it explains the creation, Noah’s Flood, Abraham and Isaac, and Joseph’s coats of many colors. However, the l aws in ExodusRead MoreThe Old Testament Essay2294 Words   |  10 Pagesdocumentations consisted of four parts. These four sections retrieved from the Old Testaments are the laws, history, wisdom and prophecy. The laws are a rule of behavior enforced within the community. The rules are sometimes called â€Å"Torah.† When analyzing these Torah, these rules viewed within the first five spiritual books of the Bible. For example, in the first Torah in Genesis, it explains the creation, Noah’s Flood, Abraham and Isaac, and Joseph’s coats of many colors. However, the laws in Exodus

Marketing and Tweeter - 1390 Words

Case Analysis Tweeter etc. Company Overview Tweeter etc. was founded in 1972 by Sandy Bloomberg in Boston to sell high-end stereo components. The current portfolio of the company consists of brand stereos, television, car radios and car phones. Tweeter has recently witnessed a healthy growth in its financial performance. Sale has almost doubled in the last three years reaching $82.3 million in FY 1996. Its sales per store has increased by 50% and number of stores increased to 21 from 14 during the same period. The Making and Current Scenario During its formative years, Tweeter gained the reputation of being the retailer of high quality, high-end audio components and video equipment. They had a knowledge able sales force providing†¦show more content†¦The starting price for its products as communicated to the consumers by ads was well above the other retailers. Thus, consumers being price sensitive thought of Tweeter as the store selling high priced goods. Even though the middle and high end stuff are sold at around the same prices as in all stores. The lack of awareness along with the price advertising has made the Tweeter appear more costly and specialized for high end customers and thus driving consumers away. As can be justified Tweeter’s 70% sales was due to Quality/Service customers which look for high levels of product quality and customer service due to its image. As can be seen from the survey, the awareness level of people about APP was very low. Only 32% of the respondents could define it. Only 22.1% of the respondents knew that Tweeter offered the APP service. Concern 4: Is Tweeter targeting the right customer sector and should it continue with APP? The price bitter and the quality/service customers together account for 90% of Tweeter customers. It lacks behind in Entry level and convenience customers. This can be attributed to the various misconceptions about the store in the market such as Tweeter stocks high end goods only. This has led to Tweeter running in losses during early 1990’s. Though, it has shown some improvement after that due to the inclusion of APP. Concern 5: Is Tweeter actually price competitive among its competitors Tweeter is priceShow MoreRelatedTweeter Case Study1159 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Tweeter Case Questions 1. Objectively and subjectively, is Tweeter price competitive? Why or why not? Tweeter is an electronics store that pride itself on selling middle and high end goods. To see if they were price competitive, we would have to evaluate them with similar stores like Cambridge sounds waves as opposed to Walmart. Before APP in 1993, it would not have been possible to evaluate Tweeter’s price competitiveness since there was no systematic benchmarking present. 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Crimson Tide Review of Leadership Roles free essay sample

A leader can express their power in various manners, in French and Raven’s (1959) Five Base Model of power, a characterization of power in leadership and management, defined in five bases and citied by Hinken and Schrieshiem, (Bass, 1990) as followed: * Expert power  is having the capability to administer to other individuals facts, knowledge based information, or expertise. * Referent power  is having the capability to administer to other individual’s feelings of personal acceptance or recognition. Reward power  is, having the capability to administer to another person’s desires or to remove or decrease things he/she does not desire. * Coercive power  is, having the capability to administer to individual’s things he/she does not desire or to remove or decrease things he/she does  desire. * Legitimate powers are, the ability to administer to another person’s feelings of obligation or responsibility. (pg. 232) This paper is an analysis of t he leadership roles and the influence of power that the leading characters in the movie Crimson Tide (Scott, 1995) possess. We will write a custom essay sample on Crimson Tide Review of Leadership Roles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The leading actors and their characters are Gene Hackman (Captain Frank Ramsey), Denzel Washington (Lieutenant Commander Ron Hunter), and George Dzunda (Chief of the Boat Cobb). In this movie analysis, we will analyze the leadership roles of each character and how they interact among each other and the other officers on the submarine, and the power that they have over them and each other. In addition in terms of leadership and compliance, we will discuss the role nuclear submarines play in present society, and what was the function it served in the film prior to the vital action, and after the vital action. The incident that took place on the nuclear submarine raised an issue involving Navel procedure that caused the board of the Navy distress. Discussion of the issue, the roots, and how it has run its course since then will be discussed. Movie Plot Captain Ramsey (Gene Hackman) was the Commander of the submarine, USS Alabama, equipped with missiles. Lieutenant Commander Ron Hunter (Denzel Washington) replaced the Executive Officer from the Alabama due to an attack of appendicitis. The Alabama, was assigned to intercept the rebel Russian troops who captured nuclear missiles of the former Soviet Union. While on the mission, the USS Alabama receive a preliminary launch order, however, the EAM radio contact was lost prior to a confirmation or abort order was received. EAMs are messages sent digitally from the Pentagon in the event of nuclear war, the messages are picked up by the submarines with a special antenna. This lost radio contact brought about the most infamous scene in the movie. Do to the fact that the required confirmation was incomplete, Captain Ramsey pushed forward and ordered for the launch of the missiles. For the ordered to be fully completed, the launch must be â€Å"concurred† with, and repeated by the Commander, and Executive Officer of the Boat. This was Hunter’s first position in the field and once again new to the Alabama. The entire crew was loyal to Ramsey who has been in command of the Alabama for numerous victorious missions. â€Å"When a new person comes into an organization or the work group, various means are used to teach the new person  how we do things around here† (Schein, 1999). Ramsey used his transitional leadership methods to try and enforce his point of view of what should be correct. Now Hunter could have easily said, â€Å"I concur†, and went ahead with the missile launch. However, Hunter did not, he fostered the use of proper military protocol and maintained that the launch be delayed till the EAM radio transmission could be confirmed and fully received from Washington. This is where leadership roles and power come into play, and how Ramsey, Hunter, and Cobb the Chief of the boat became part of the most infamous scene in the movie. When Hunter refused to â€Å"concur† the orders and stated his opinion, he sited Navy procedure, telling Captain Ramsey that based on operating procedures when releasing nuclear weapons they cannot launch missiles unless both agree. Ramsey then states, â€Å"As commanding officer of the U. S. S Alabama I order you to place the XO under arrest under the charge of mutiny† (Wikiquote, 2013). Hunter then yelling louder than Ramsey states, â€Å"Backed by the rules of precedents authority and command, regulation 08150H6 of Navy regulations, I relieve you of command, Captain† (Wikiquote, 2013). This Texan standoff had all the officers in an uncomfortable situation, do they on the Captain’s side and remain loyal, or do they ally themselves with Lieutenant Commander Hunter. Chief of the boat Cobb was put in a precarious position, which left him no other choice than side with Hunter, but, not for the reasons you might think, we will discuss that further later. Captain Frank Ramsey The concept of power is an applicable leadership concept. Leaders use power to decipher whether they have the ability to acquire the commitment or obedience from their workers/officers. Leaders that are educated or trained under the old-paradigm, have low levels of expectations of others around them, and tend to use power to dominate and control. Leaders that are educated or trained under the new-paradigm are human-relations leaders; these leaders have a high level of employee expectations; with the use of power leaders are encouraging, engaging, and inspiring for the followers/officers (Vecchio, 1988). Gene Hackman (Captain Frank Ramsey) is a character that used coercive power to force the officers into doing what he wants them to do. Ramsey was educated under the old-paradigm, he uses power to dominate and control the individuals around him. Ramsey, who threatens his minions’ job security by using his coercive power; coercive power is a power that is a characteristic of transactional leadership behavior that fosters compliance in lieu of commitment from the officers. Ramsey has power, but how he used that power is a decision that his character chooses to make. Hackman’s role chose to be a dominate force and control by amplifying his legitimate power. Ramsey follows transactional leadership, expecting structure and subordinates from his officers. Ramsey’s role as a transactional leader is to retain authority, dictate the manner in which task should be performed, he makes decisions without input from others, and he discourages input from other officers; Ramsey is an autocratic leader (McGregor, 1960). Transactional leadership, emphasizes the role of supervision and works within a group or organization. Under this form of leadership followers perform the best when the chain of command is definite and clear, Ramsey is known by his crew as a stern commander to say t nicely. Ramsey is a leader, a leader who expects when an order is given that it is followed, his officers and commanders should be obeying the orders given and follow in line. This was not the case when it came to Lieutenant Commander Ron Hunter. Hersey and Blanchard (1979) stood by the fact that there were a wide variety of leadership styles. Where Ramsey was a lea der that could be characterized as a rigid leader, Hunter was a leader who concentrated on building a strong foundation among the crew. Lieutenant Commander Ron Hunter Denzel Washington (Lieutenant Ron Hunter) demonstrates referent power demonstrating ethically, morally, and sensibility towards the officers. Hunter displayed desirable characteristics; he displayed integrity and treated the officers with respect. Hunter does have a component of coercive power because he removed the Captain from his position and had him locked into his quarters, however Denzel Washington’s character is based on honor. Hunter displays referent power; referent power being a component of transformational leadership that fosters commitment from the officers. Transformational leaders focus on the follower/employees/team members, making the point to motivate them to excel and achieve their goals, and in the process help them mature as individuals. In the transformational leadership model, the leader provides â€Å"influences (charisma), inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration† (Avolio amp; Yammarion, 2002). Transformational leadership gives the leader the opportunity to step-up and become a role model for their followers/employees/team members. In addition, they have the capability to encourage and inspire their followers/employees/team members. One characteristic that is pertinent to possess when becoming an effective leader is genuine concern for the feelings of others, a leader must be considerate and care how their follower/employees/team members are doing. Hunter is a transformational leader that has a high level of performance and the other officers are satisfied by the manner in which Hunter is leading the submarine. The transformational leadership theory in addition theorizes, â€Å"how leaders exert motivational effects through linking follower’s self-concepts† (Avolio amp; Yammarion, 2002) to promote the title of the transformational leader. Transformational leaders have positive expectations for their team members/follower, so they lead their team with the mindset that they will succeed; there is no room for failure. Transformational leaders empower, inspire, and motivate their follower/team member/employees to excel above the average level of performance. At one point in the movie Hunter was discussing with a Petty Officer Third Class Russell Vossler (Lillo Brancato Jr. ), a EAM radio controller, on how he was going to fix the damaged controller. Hunter kept an open dialog with Vossler making the association of Star Trek and the need of warp speed. Hunter possesses the aspects of a transformational leader. Chief of the Boat Cobb Chief of the boat Cobb (George Dzundza) was put in a difficult position when Captain Ramsey and Lieutenant Commander Hunter were in the process of trying to remove each other from their positions. When Cobb spoke up and stated that the Captain could not fire the missiles with out Lieutenant Hunter concurring with the order. The Captain was surprised with Cobb’s admittance, and then was removed from his post. Hunter then went over to Cobb and said thank you for backing him up. Cobb then told Hunter the only reason that he did was because the Captain did not have the right to replace him to fire the missiles. Cobb has respect for legitimate power; he has respect for authority and not on relationships that are formed on a more personal level. Much like Hunter, Cobb has respect for Naval procedures, but he has been with Captain Ramsey on numerous missions, and he respects him as a leader. Cobb is a task-oriented leader, he structures the work tasks and roles making sure to clarify the work processes and procedures and ensures that the officers comply with policies (Denison, Hooijberg, amp; Quinn, 1995). Role of Navel Nuclear Submarine The navy nuclear submarine fleet is power-driven by nuclear energy and signifies contemporary, proficient and operational weapons in the military arsenal. The difference between a nuclear submarine and a conventional submarine lies in the area of the driving force and several maintenance functions. The submarines are driven and controlled for the most part, the same as a conventional submarine. A nuclear submarine has the ability to operate unobtrusively, expeditiously, self-sufficiently, and for a prolonged length of time, and at a depth of 1500 feet (The National Museum of American History, 2000). The weapons systems both include torpedoes; however, the nuclear submarines have nuclear capabilities. The electronic systems for communications and discovery and defense are all modern. The contemporary nuclear submarines are technologically advanced compared to the old submarines (Answers, 2013). â€Å"Determining the cost of advanced military technological systems, a 1998 study estimated that the United States spent $2 trillion dollars in 1996 on all strategic nuclear forces throughout the Cold War† (The National Museum of American History, 2000). In the movie Crimson Tide, (1995) the nuclear submarine the U. S. S Alabama is sent to the Pacific Ocean because a radical leader and his followers are trying to takeover the Russian government and is intimidating Russia and the United States with a threat of firing nuclear missiles. The Alabama is sent to troll the waters so that if the Russian missiles are launched the United States and counter-attack instantly. A practice drill is carried out, Captain Ramsey is not happy with the results and asks Lieutenant Commander Hunter to have the crew to keep practicing the drills. Then the Alabama gets an order to fire missiles, however, in the middle of receiving its orders the submarine in damaged and was unable to get the full message. In the process of waiting for the confirmation of the orders Hunter ends up taking part in rebellion and defiance and is countered by mutiny. Like stated before, having the crew split-up and taking sides in an awkward situation, goes against everything they were trained to do. Training involves harmony in something as momentous as launching missiles. As of current date there had not been mutiny on a United States warship. US Navy Board of Inquiry After the standoff on the Alabama Lieutenant Commander Ron Hunter and Captain Ramsey were called in front of a review board. The panel was convened so that the Navy could investigate the events that happened subsequent to the conditions for strategic missile launch, the panel was headed by Admiral Anderson (Tommy Bush). Testimony was taken from the officers aboard the Alabama, as well as Captain Ramsey, and Anderson made his recommendations to SUBPAC (Pacific Submarine force) without Lieutenant Commander Hunter’s testimony. The main concern of the panel was the fact that the system the Navy put into place had failed due to the fact that two senior officers could not work together and handle their differences while preserving the chain of command. It was Anderson that said it best, â€Å"A mutiny aboard a United States nuclear submarine, violation of nuclear launch protocol. This is the dilemma that will occupy this panel, this Navy, and this country’s armed forces as a whole long after you leave this room†.