Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Essay

Question 8: Danny Hansford is only one of the many people whose violent deaths we learn about in the course of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Judging by their stories, what does Savannah (or Savannah society) deem grounds for murder? Why are so few of Jim William’s friends disturbed by the charges against him? Given the casualness with which Savannahians greet the Hansford case, why are they so shocked by the news [p. 333] that their city has been declared the murder capital of the United States? *Answer: In the beginning, Jim goes over the deaths that have happened in Savannah; while the others are blinded by their selfishness. For example: One of the stories known in the Savannah’s society is the death of the judge’s son. It all started when the son of the judge had an imitate relationship with the gangster’s girl; sooner or later the alpha finds out about these rendezvous. As a result, the gangster shot the boy and took his â€Å"manhood† with him. The following days, the young fellow recovered swiftly with his testicles by his side but unfortunately the doctors couldn’t repair a broken heart. At last, his misery ended when he collapsed on the front porch, breathing his last breath as Death took his life. The death of this boy was disregarded by the Savannah’s society; showing no empathy/ emotions towards his death. The few friends of Jim were disturbed because rumors have it that Jim was homosexual and had a sexual relationship with Danny Hansford (***Remember, the Savannah’s society was old-fashioned and didn’t believe in these kinds of relations. ) The Savannahians were shocked about their murder rate because in their minds, they thought they had an outlined of 1,000 untroubled suburbanites not sufficient to raise their murder rate. They were positive that the statistics was a mistake. Savannah had 54 murders/ or 22. 6 murders per 100,000 Savannah’s society blamed the deaths on the African Americans because 91% of their population was blacks. Works Cited Berendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Random House, 1994.

My Secret: Pacific Rose

When I think about art I see Picasso. I see faces, colors, things that should never be together are now one, a happy one: collages, statues, weird figures everywhere. Art is an adventure through expression, style, and creativity. When I say adventure I’m speaking of a safari mixed with a survival of the fittest, spitting out only greatness and uniqueness. In Charlotte, North Carolina’s Mint Museum there were many that attempted this adventure but one in particular who made it through was Jon Kuhn; his adventure was backed up by a breathtaking piece called Pacific Rose. Jon Kuhn’s background makes him seem as if he is a world renowned artist. Yet he is a very underrated artist with an array of accomplishments. Kuhn’s specialty is glass work but unlike other artists who use molten and blown glass, Kuhn uses cold glass that is cut, polished, and fused into many shapes from the outside in (Kuhn). This unique style of work has lead Kuhn to be featured in over 40 international museums, and a few public and private residences. One of his greatest accomplishments is having a few of his pieces claimed by the White House’s permanent collection. With such a broad resume Jon Kuhn should be a household name, yet Kuhn enjoys and would rather play the background underrated artist who â€Å"brings light and joy to those who experience them† (Kuhn). When you see Jon Kuhn’s work you are sure to know it’s his. Kuhn likes to take a shape and make it where it absorbs light while reflecting a diamond like appearance (Kuhn). This is what captured my attention when it came to his amazing piece Pacific Rose. This piece was no bigger than roughly four feet and yet had such a loud, strong, engaging voice. When I first saw it I was amazed at how bright and colorful it was but the more I looked at it I saw something more, something deeper. Pacific Rose is four foot upside down, elongated, clear pyramid with two pyramids and a cube hanging freely within it. When one first looks at the shapes it looks like a bunch of small brick red, gray, black, and turquoise blocks put together to make the shapes. But the deeper you look into the figure you see that each small square has hundreds of layers. Also within the layers are scribbles and writing that take the piece to another level. I then walk around the piece to get a better view and I feel as if I’ve been tricked. The solid shapes that I saw on one side are no longer solid. This is where the bright lights shining on the figure plays a huge role. In actuality the shapes look as if they have been annihilated, like an atomic bomb was dropped and the shapes are exploding. But the unique thing about these exploding figures is that all the while that they are exploding they somehow manage to keep their shape. This figure makes me want to get inside of the clear upside down pyramid and take a walk through the little figures within. This figure showed the exact path and journey Jon Kuhn took on his adventure through expression, style, and creativity. It not only showed this but also explained as to why he is featured in so many great places. His work is so amazing and extravagant that a part of me is happy that he is so underrated, for I would love to keep his beauties a secret and all to myself. But I know this is impossible for his work speaks so loud and with strength so strong that you must listen. It is only time before Jon Kuhn is being used as a household name. Jon Kuhn is now my new definition of art. Works Cited Page Kuhn, Jon. â€Å"Artist Jon Kuhn.† Kuhn Studio. N.p., 2002-2011. Web. 21 Dec 2011.

Difference Between The Regression Coefficients Essay

Difference Between The Regression Coefficients - Essay Example Suppose we want to test the autoregression of the dependent variable expenditure on the independent variable income we have to run the procedure REGRESS in STATA. Let us proceed as follows with two time periods with dependent variable expenditure (exp) and independent variable income (income):. by sort time per regress exp income. regress exp income if time per (time period 0) for eg.1987 to 1996. regress exp income if time per (time period 1) for eg.1997 to 2006To combine both in the constrained model, Expenditure is regressed on income for both time periods together as follow: . regexp income Null hypothesis: The regression coefficients do not differ significantly for the two time periods time period 0 and time period 1. Alternative hypothesis: The regression coefficients differ significantly for the two time periods time period 0 and time period 1. Chow test is being considered as an important tool in predicting the differences between the two regression coefficients when the grou ps are heterogeneously different. Even with the impact of dummy variables Chow test seems to be more robust in predicting the significant difference between two regressions under homoscedastic situations. Chow test is applicable in heteroscedastic situations.Breusch – Pagan test is used in testing whether heteroscedasticity is present in a linear regression model. It is also used to test whether the estimated variance of the residuals from regression equation is dependent on the values of independent variable values.

DARE Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DARE - Term Paper Example These 43 countries vary in languages and are spread across the globe. Anguilla, Barbados, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Guatemala, Italy, Iceland, Cuba, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Norway, Spain, South Korea, United Kingdom, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Wales and St. Maarten are some of the countries which have embraced D.A.R.E. as a means of assisting them in the fight against drug abuse and violence. D.A.R.E. signifies a collaborative effort to reduce crime between ‘local schools and law enforcement personnel’ (Leis 2009). Interestingly, local D.A.R.E. programs were found to be so effective that both national and international stakeholders clamored for the creation of an umbrella organization. This massive demand led to the establishment of D.A.R.E. America, a major resource to improve the quality of the local D.A.R.E. programs. This non-profit organization offers officer training provides educational materials for students, assesses the D.A.R.E. curriculum as well as the standards of instruction and program effectiveness. D.A.R.E. America generates consciousness in the minds of the American citizens about D.A.R.E. Police officers are trained and certified to present classroom lessons to children from kindergarten to 12th grade. ... An additional 40 hours of training in high school curriculum is necessary for D.A.R.E. instructors. Internationally D.A.R.E. is considered to be a representation of community policing. The United States Department of Justice has highlighted several valuable contributions of D.A.R.E. to local communities. Two major benefits include a seamless relationship between the young people and the police and opportunities for there to be open communication/dialogues between the school, police and parents. It is quite easy to begin a D.A.R.E. program in one’s community. A signed written agreement between the Superintendent of Schools and the Chief of police I submitted to D.A.R.E. America indicating the desires of both parties to implement the program and the guarantee that the police officers would participate and complete the required D.A.R.E. training. Generally, there is no charge for the tuition to officers. However, some training centers may charge a small fee. The requesting instit utions would usually pay for the lodging and meal expenses of their officers. For the first year both instructor’s materials and students’ workbooks are supplied free of charge to the officers and students in question. Hence a starter kit is supplied to these communities free of charge for the first year. D.A.R.E. in its 28 years life span has received endless praise for its work in public awareness of drug abuse and gang violence from a wide range of members of society. However, no commendation is as distinguished as its first Presidential proclamation since 1988 of a national D.A.R.E. Day. Subsequent to this date each year is marked with a Presidential Proclamation declaring one day in the year as the national

Drilling in the ANWR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drilling in the ANWR - Essay Example This may be financially much more feasible to the country in general, but in the long term it can have some negative effects. This is because the drilling can cause a lot of problems to the natural habitat. The drilling will cause a damaged environment, one which can not be cured easily. Because of scarcity, choices have to be made on a daily basis by all consumers, firms and governments. For a moment, just have a think about the hundreds of millions of decisions that are made by people in your own country every single day. Take for example the choices that people make in the city of London about how to get to work. Over six million people travel into London each day, they have to make choices about when to travel, whether to use the bus, the tube, to walk or cycle – or indeed whether to work from home. Millions of decisions are being taken, many of them are habitual (we choose the same path each time) – but somehow on most days, people get to work on time and they get home too! This is a remarkable achievement, and for it to happen, our economy must provide the resources and the options for it to happen.† (Tutor 2 u) As the excerpt suggests that the government had the chance and job of making decisions and at times this can get very difficult. The government should have probably allowed for the exploration and the exploitation, however, should have also made sure that the habitat is preserved in the best way possible. These situations are pretty common for governments throughout the

Policy Recommendation for Bill Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy Recommendation for Bill - Term Paper Example As legislative assistant for Representative Jackson, I have put forth my argument ‘against’ the bill. For several years, men have been the target of drug-related acts and a plethora of them have had to face the sentence, for violating rules and for exceeding limitations. However, in the 1980s, the media-generated endemic of ‘crack babies’ has added fuel to the issue of pregnant women taking to drugs, especially cocaine and the eventual health-related problems of the child, leading to poverty and under-growth of the child. The pre-natal growth of the child has led to such a belief and this has bee fuelled by misrepresentation of information by the media and other quarters. It is indeed true that consumption of drugs by pregnant women can be harmful to the fetus, and can led to pre-natal health problems. â€Å"An article in the medical journal Lancet in 1989 found that scientific studies that concluded that exposure to cocaine prenatally had adverse effects on the fetus had a significantly higher chance of being published than more careful research finding no adverse effects.† Studies reveal that it is not only drugs that can lead to causing harm to the fetus, but also alcohol and tobacco. In fact, alcohol can lead to permanent retardation of the fetus and could be far more devastating that drugs like cocaine and marijuana. The fetal tobacco syndrome is one such case, which has led to a high number fo miscarriages and morbidity. The New York Times reported, that â€Å"the problems in many cases were traced not to drug exposure but to some other traumatic event, death in the

Chapter 5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Chapter 5 - Assignment Example Nordstrom’s success largely comes from its customer service focus, but as shoppers move to a more virtual shopping experience, Nordstrom’s advantage in this area will be negated somewhat. Nordstrom’s biggest competitors will come from the online shopping industry. 1. Tesco has already established itself as the market leader in the United Kingdom, so there is not much more improvement on offer there. Of course, Tesco will still continue to add customers, but at a much slower rate than previous years. One area that Tesco could look at is opening stores in poorer countries such as Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Bolivia, to name a few. Shoppers in these countries do not have the same disposable income as westerners do, so Tesco would have to target these poorer countries will non-conventional methods. 2. Tesco can take its customer loyalty programs to the next level by offering it to children of parents who are already Tesco customers. This way, Tesco can gain a customer early in life and will have a lifetime of spending habits from which to work

Retail business Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Retail business - Dissertation Example Due to recession, many retail organizations have reduced their workforce, and the employees feel uncertainty in their jobs. 3. People are likely to lose their jobs, especially men and young employees. The effect of global crisis have been felt by people in different ways, depending on the places they live, industry in which they are employed, occupation, and their personal characteristics. This is an indicator for understanding that, recruitment is an expensive process. It means that retail firms will increase the number of employees only if necessary, and they will only recruit when there is any authentic business case. As an alternative, most firms will go for their existing employees working harder, until the situation come under their control. 4. Unemployment rate is greater for males than females (Figure 1) – The unemployment rate to an extent will affect men more because they are more employed in the retail sectors, and so have the chance to experience job losses. 5. Com pared to other sectors in UK, executive salary in the retail sector is so high. In reality, a significant portion of the revenues of UK retail companies are being spent for schemes of employees’ pension and salaries. 6. Unemployment rate increases largely for younger people- The maximum increase in the unemployment rate, was for the population of age group between 18 and 24, as shown in Figure 2 below. Males in this age category have borne the impact of job losses. This will result in unemployment in later life, and they are supposed to earn less in future also. Fig.2: Male and female unemployment rate Fig.3: Increase in unemployment rate by age (Lee et al. n.d.). 7. The global crisis has been reflected in the present patterns of economic slowdown: maximum job losses have been found in ex-industrial areas of UK. 8. One of the main reasons for job losses is the low skill levels of the workforce in UK. Places of population with highly skilled people have experienced less amount of increase in unemployment, and populations with low skill levels have experienced the highest rate of increase in unemployment. 9. Places which depend on financial services employment have not performed well during the time of recession. This is because of the high job losses in retail banking sector, and it tends to be situated outside the capital of UK. 10. Lower Disposable Income- The decrease in the distribution of disposable income was a main challenge for the purchasing activities of the consumers. Decrease in the disposable income has taught the consumer to be more careful in making any purchase. 11. Lower Level of Savings- Inability of the consumers to maintain a sustainable level of savings, have made them focus on two distinct alternatives; one is to continue the same level of consumption pattern by low priced product purchase, or to purchase quality products without cutting the consumption level. 12. Risk of Opportunity Costs- The risk of opportunity costs have made th e consumers more conscious in making their purchase decisions. Purchase decision strategy often depends on the individual preferences of the consumers. 13. Retail banking industry is another area which has faced problems on account of recession. Retail banking carries on banking operations which directly deal with the individuals relatively than other banks or corporations. As the UK retail banking is not controlled by any centralized authority, they are occupied in business practices which are risky to continue in the market. 14. In

Benzene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Benzene - Essay Example At room temperature, it is liquid and is a bit viscous. Its density is 0.879 g/mL and turns to vapor at 80.1Â ºC. It is a flammable aromatic hydrocarbon and is not completely miscible with water, but can dissolve in other solvents like acetone, chlorofom or carbon tetrachloride (EPA, 1988). Because of its high flammability and volatility, the chemical must be kept away from sparks, open flame, heat or other hot surfaces that may cause fire or explosion (cpchem.com, 2014). Benzene is a common part of industrial manufacturing of plastics, man-made fibers, rubber lubricants, colorants and pesticides. It is also a component in gasoline and other petroleum products. In nature, volcanoes and forest fires emit benzene into the atmosphere. Residential uses of benzene are found in adhesives, paint removers and gasoline. Petroleum products are the major contributors of benzene in the environment (dhs.wisconsin.gov, 2013). Other aromatic chemicals such as phenol and toluene, are also synthesized from benzene either by replacing the hydrogen atoms in the molecule or by cleavage of the bonds in the benzene molecule. Most chemicals from benzene are products of substitution reactions (epa.gov, 1988). Humans are exposed to benzene in different ways, namely through inhalation, ingestion or by skin contact. The most common route of benzene exposure is by inhalation, especially when humans are exposed to petroleum products or benzene-containing paints and resins. When benzene is released in its vapor form from manufacturing industries, the people living near the area are exposed and inhale it. The symptoms that may be experienced when exposed to benzene for short periods are headaches or nausea. However, for longer periods high risk of having cancer and anemia are some of the health effects. Some studies in animals have shown that prolonged exposure to benzene vapors caused infertility and damaged reproductive organs.

Customer Information Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Customer Information Privacy - Essay Example It is indisputable that no confidential information concerning the customers and their buying behavior should be disclosed to other businesses either for consideration or otherwise. The CNET News reports that companies like Boo.com, Toysmart and CraftShop.com have tried to sell their customers' data (phone number, home address and credit card number) to other business entities (Sandoval, 2000). The report further documents that "it is inappropriate and illegal to sell customer information when it was collected under the assumption that it wouldn't be shared" (Sandoval, 2000). Since it has been assured by the firms to their customers that their personal data would not be transferred, it is quite unethical and unprofessional to share such information with other business organizations or agencies. If a firm decides to share the information about its customers with outside organizations, there exists a breach of contract between the company and the customers. As a result, the customers c an approach concerned authority to make good of such breach. At the time of filling up the forms or any other requirements, it is usually seen that the customers' information would not be disclosed under any circumstances. In its private policy of Dell Company, it has been specified that they won't sell their customers' information to anybody without the customers' consent.

Study Habit Problem Essay Example for Free

Study Habit Problem Essay Introduction: As we all know one of the reason why many students are not serious in studying is the modern technology. We as a student are addicted in modern technology especially on social media for example are facebook, twitter and tumblr. We can communicate to others and know’s what is going on in the world and to know what is new and what is old. The second reason is the computer games. Most of the students are playing computer games. Teenagers specially boys are addicted on Dota, Garena, League of Legends and Special Force this are the games that boys wants from their vacant hours. In the years where computers are not yet invented, students are not yet engaged in activities using technologies. Students rely on books and visit library facilities to study, read their notes and to review their school lessons. During those years, despite the lack of computers and hi-tech gadgets students still achieve high and good grades and the students are still focused on their studies. They strive hard just to attain higher and better grades in their education. As years passed, industrial evolution occurred and great changes and improvements happened. One of these changes is the invention of the computer. Some people can’t afford to buy one for themselves or for their children. But for people who have enough money to buy themselves a computer, they are lucky because they can use the computer to make things easier for them. Students can use the computer to do their home works and projects. Students who can’t afford to buy a computer just go to the library to read books, to do research works, and to make their school projects. During the years when computers were first invented, people make use of computers to help them accomplish their works and to make their tasks lighter and faster. Now in the present time, the age of modern technology, where almost everything is high-tech, computer technologies has greatly improved and has had become better. These days, the computer technology industry is rapidly growing and changing. Along with that growth and change of computer technology are the people who almost instantly adapt to the changes. The reason why computers technologies are invented is to help make people’s life easier and to improve their way of life, especially the students. Modern computer technologies make studying easier and fun to students. Answering assignments means that one will have to read chapter after chapter in their textbooks. Nowadays, vital information may be obtained by merely a click of the mouse. Everything is readily available at their fingertips, so to speak. Oftentimes, students say, â€Å"Thank God for the internet†. While this may be true, there are also harmful effects on students which may fall under the physical, psycholo gical, emotional, mental and social aspect. Basically, students make use of the internet in answering assignments and doing research work. However, students would often be making use of social networking sites while simultaneously doing their assigned tasks. This means that the student is not a hundred percent focused on accomplishing what is required. It also takes them a longer time in completing the assigned task. As a result, the student therefore, is more physically exhausted, often spending the wee hours in the morning due to the fact that he or she is actually multi-tasking. It has been observed that almost every week, more updated gadgets are being introduced in the market. For the adolescent, who is in the third plane of development, there is this need to belong to a certain group. More often than not, social cliques mean dressing alike, thinking alike, and even having similar gadgets are some of the basis in order to be part of a specific group. Hence, the adolescent is psychologically, emotionally and even mentally affected if and when an updated version of these gadgets is out in the market. There is this need to have these gadgets in the hope of being â€Å"in† with the group. It is one way of satisfying the need to belong to a social group which means that it also affects the social aspect of the student. Having seen both sides of the coin, are modern gadgets beneficial or harmful to students? We would say both there are beneficial and harmful effects not only to students but to anyone for that matter. The key is still in our hands. Remember that anything in excess could have negative results. Modern technology including modern gadgets has been invented for mankind’s convenience. Let us show gratitude to the men of the past who have painstakingly invented and devised ways to make life easier. Let us make use of modern technology effectively, wisely and responsibly. Statement of the Problem: The Researchers wish to make the study on â€Å"The Effects of Modern Technology in the Study Habit of Information Technology or IT students of UBLC†. To achieve this objective, the researchers want to determine the answers for the following question: 1. What is modern technology? 2. What are the sites that can affect most to you as an IT student? 3. You as a student, what are the main reasons why you are addicted in modern technology? Chapter II Review of Related Literature and Related Studies Accountability * Technology has given us nearly instant communication. In addition, more people are able to view information and products than ever before. The increase in communicative ability and access to data is beneficial in that it creates a certain level of accountability. For instance, members of the media are under more pressure to report accurately, since the data they report is seen by potentially millions of people worldwide. Travel * Better technology in many instances has led to better travel. Planes fly more efficiently to more places than ever before, for example. The benefit is that it is very easy to transport both people and goods from place to place. The resulting global economy keeps prices low. People do not need to work or live only in their native area. However, better travel also means that people are more likely to spread disease from place to place, and a global economy means that some inferior or unsafe products may be widely distributed. Health Improvements * For the most part, increased technology has led to improvements in health. Doctors now have ways to tell how sterile an environment or tool is. They have many different machines that can monitor vital signs or that can be used in medical procedures. Without this technology, many people would not recover from their illnesses, and disease would spread more rapidly. Health and Other Concerns * Although modern technology can improve health, there is concern that the excessive use of technology may promote some health problems. For instance, those who work in front of a computer screen or who watch a lot of television every day are more sedentary, which can lead to physical problems. There also is concern that technology is reducing the social skills held by people and that it allows for a decrease in safety, such as with child pornography posted on the Internet. Additionally, modern technology may be creating some problems in that it can be used improperly, such as with atomic bombs during war. Considerations/Regulations * Whether technology is beneficial or harmful depends largely on the way it is used and who is wielding the technology. For instance, computer email can be used to share family photographs, or it can be used to send out attachments that damage the recipients computer and steal information. Some regulations on modern technology thus are needed in order to guarantee or to protect individual and social safety. Negative Effects of Technology on Children According to a New York Times article this January, the average kid, ages 8-18, spends over 7  ½ hours a day using technology gadgets equaling 2  ½ hours of music, almost 5 hours of tv and movies, three hours of internet and video games, and just 38 minutes of old fashioned reading according to the Kaiser Family Foundation, which adds up to 75 hours a week! These statistics are not just mere numbers; they are a reflection of the way our society is heading. There is a direct correlation of amount of hours spent with gadgets and obesity, poor grades, impatience, violence, and a loss of family interest. Obesity According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in a study in 2004, 16% of children (over 9 million) that are between the ages of 6 -19 years old are overweight or obese, a number that has tripled since 1980 (mostly due to electronic usage). Being overweight can bring with it great health concerns. Many of these children have a good chance of developing Type II Diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, social discrimination, high cholesterol and/or blood pressure. Also, according to a Stanford University of Medicine study, elementary students consume 20% of their daily calorie intake while watching television, which usually includes unhealthy snacks, largely due to advertisements for junk food and boredom. Coincidently, kids are not burning off any of these calories while they are plopped in front of the television. Academics Another area of focus is that children who spend too much time in front of the television or playing video games tend to have worse grades than those students who are active and involved in extracurricular activities. Studies have shown that since they are so used to multi-tasking they have trouble focusing all of their attention on schoolwork. Studies performed by Dr. Rosen at Cal State showed that 16-18 year olds perform 7 tasks, on average, at one time like texting on their cell phone, sending instant messages while checking Facebook with the television on. â€Å"I worry that young people won’t be able to summon the capacity to focus and concentrate when they need to,† said Vickey Rideout, a Vice President at the Kaiser Foundation. Laziness Impatience goes hand in hand with the laziness kids are starting to develop. Due to the ease of access to the internet kids now expect immediate responses and rely on the internet to give them all of the answers. They expect answers before they take time to think about solutions. According to an article in the New York Times this January, new technology is creating mini-generation gaps and are most visible in communication and entertainment choices. Dr. Rosen said that the newest generations, unlike their older peers, will expect an instant response from everyone they communicate with, and won’t have the patience for anything less. â€Å"They’ll want their teachers and professors to respond to them immediately, and they will expect instantaneous access to everyone, because after all, that is the experience they have had growing up,† he said. This is a common problem of kids of this generation and kids are losing the value of learning from their mistakes. Family Life Families are being hurt as well by all of the new technology. When a group of 4-6 year olds were asked to choose between watching TV and spending quality time with their fathers, 54% of them would rather watch TV. Also, according to the same survey reported by the A.C. Nielson Company the average parent spends three and a half minutes A WEEK having meaningful conversations with their children. Technology is creating a generation gap that makes parents feel as though they can’t relate to what their kids are doing. Violence Another controversial topic circling right now is the amount of violence kids are exposed to while playing video games or watching television. Many TV shows now posses poor role models and expose children to things that they may be too young to see while video games allow kids to play with fake guns. The same survey by A.C. Neilson Company reported that by the time a child finishes elementary school they will have already witnessed 8,000 murders. In the USA an average of 20-25 violent acts are shown in children’s television programs each hour. A significant association was found between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence, with its exposure to violence, and the likelihood of subsequent antisocial behavior, such as threatening aggression, assault or physical fights resulting in injury, and robbery. Young children are more easily impressionable. have a harder time distinguishing between fantasy and reality. cannot easily discern motives for violence learn by observing and imitating. http://www.personal.psu.edu/djw5068/assignment%205.html http://www.orionbataan.com/component/content/article/68-education/528-modern-technology-and-its-effects-on-students.html http://www.studymode.com/subjects/effects-of-modern-technology-to-the-students-page1.html

Opportunities for Company Essay Example for Free

Opportunities for Company Essay Opportunities for Company Q to lead in the area of social responsibility Company Q’s attitude towards social responsibility appears to be nonexistent, possibly through ignorance or disconcert. Either way the lack of social responsibility affects their business and community’s perception of their business. It appears that the company management has never developed and ethics program that clearly defines the corporate culture including provisions for social responsibility. Profits, or at least a lack of losses appears to be a primary motivating factor for company Qs management’s decisions. Company Q has been attempting to cut losses by closing stores that were losing money instead of finding innovative ways to increase revenues and profitability for the stores. Based on the known information, Company Q still has ample opportunity to build a socially responsible reputation within the community it serves and at the same time create profits for its shareholders. Simple and cost-effective changes could be implemented in a relatively short amount of time and the benefits to the community, employees and the company itself could be realized within a reasonable amount of time. There are at least three ways that Company Q can make a positive affect within the community that it serves while increasing revenues and profitability for shareholders. First area of improvement: Take those previous customer requests for health conscience and organic products and turn them into reality within their stores. For many years, Company Qs customers have been requesting health conscience and organic products sold at Company Q’s stores. The companys efforts to provide this for its customers have been weak at best. The companys management has the ethical duty to be positively reactive to its customers requests, so long as those requests are not illegal, immoral, irresponsible or unethical. Since requests are for products that benefit the health of customers, company Q needs to act to deliver those requested products in a manner that is consistent with its goals of profitability. In this case, the company has the ability to show social responsibility in bringing healthier products into its stores and have the added benefit that these items are high-margin, delivering profit opportunities to company shareholders. Because the items are high-margin, the costs of purchasing a reasonable supply and variety of items is relatively low as compared to lower margin items that are most  likely currently stocked in each store. The company even has an opportunity to reduce costs in the stores purchases by eliminating similar products that are lower in margin to the ones that they will be bringing in based on customer requests. Promotion of the social responsibility plan is important. With no additional cost in advertising, company Q can promote these new healthy products in its ad vertising. Doing so can bring back some of their lost business as well as bring in new customers to the stores. This situation is a win not only for Company Q but is also a win for customers and employees. The additional profits from higher-margin items will assist the company in creating wages that are appropriate for each position and opportunities for advancement in pay and position for its employees. This can help create an atmosphere that retains employees and reduces turnover, consequently, reducing the costs of obtaining and training new employees on a regular basis. Second area of improvement: Donations to local food banks, shelters and other charities Company Q experiences a direct loss of not only the potential profit from but the actual cost of day-old items that are thrown away. In doing so, the company experiences these costs with no benefit to the company. This method of handling the old items not only costs the company dollars in loss but also does not allow the company to reap the benefits of a socially responsible positive image to its customers and employees. Company Q’s management has taken the approach that by donating the day-old items it leaves the possibility for employees to steal from the company. A thorough plan of documentation for the donation process will help in ensuring that the donations go where they are intended and minimize risk of employee theft. One part of this plan would be to have the food bank pick up the donated items on a daily or weekly basis. As part of the donation process the food bank employee and the store employee would sign an inventory of the items picked up. This inventory tracking could be used by the stores as proof for prospective tax deductible donation on federal and/or state taxes. Any legal reductions in tax liability, improves profitability for the company. Company Q can benefit with a more socially responsible image to its customers and employees each time the food bank truck pulls up to the store and is being loaded with donated food. Food banks are not the only opportunity to show company philanthropy to the community. Making donations and collecting donations from the community for  homeless shelters and other worthy charitable organizations is yet another avenue to show the community that Company Q is active in social responsibility. Shelters and other charitable organizations are in need of items that the stores may not be able to sell to their customers for donation, but when customers and employees bring in donated items such as clothing, personal appliances and possibly furniture, these items could be collected at or near the store and be picked up by these charitable organizations. This gives the store an opportunity to receive business from those that are dropping off donations, by going in to the store and purchasing items that they may need for themselves and do it in one simple trip. These type of donation events can be listed in their existing advertising and give customers another reason to come by the store. Third area of improvement: Create opportunities for employees as well as customers to share in the charitable activities that promote social responsibility. As part of its change in being more socially responsible, Company Q could directly involve its customers by making donation bins available in stores for customers to purchase items and donate to the food bank. Advertising this in the store is good, but including it in their existing ad campaign could bring in customers that appreciate socially responsible businesses. Not only is this the sale of the items additional revenue for Company Q, but it allows customers to be directly involved in donation, which in turn creates even more goodwill for Company Q. In addition to customer involvement, employees can be directly involved in developing a socially responsible image of the company. Company Q could organize and promote employees assisting at food bank locations. These employees could go in for one day each month or each quarter and work within the food bank in one of many areas that the food bank needs physical labor for. Company Q could pay the employees their regular wages and be may able to take tax deductions for the wages paid to employees while assisting the food bank. This approach is another win for all parties involved. The food bank wins with donated labor, the employees win by being paid for the time worked at the food bank and Company Q wins by showing social responsibility in its community and gaining goodwill for itself in the process. In conclusion, Company Q can develop an ethics program and implement a plan for social responsibility that helps those within its community and increase its revenue and profits  in doing so.

What Is Effective Production Management Commerce Essay

What Is Effective Production Management Commerce Essay To begin with, effective production management is impossible without scientific management. Scientific management is a part of the cycles production management at the operational level. It should be based on scientific achievements and best practices to ensure increasing productivity and preserving human health. It is important to mention that an American engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor was the first scientific engineer, who used and formalized scientific management and highlighted its four principles. Milton (1957) stated that Taylor was an innovator and an entrepreneur in his field, and he had more than his share of emulators, rivals, and disciples (p. 23). According to Finn Borum (1980), Frederick Taylor worked on promoting efficiency in manufacturing enterprises around the turn of the century (p. 288). Scientific management is a process of improving the labor organization based on scientific achievements and excellence. Scientific management is the labor organization based on modern scientific achievements and best practices, which were systematically introduced into the workplace. Scientific management allows combining technology and people in the labor process. In addition to the above-mentioned information, scientific management can be characterized as An approach within classical management theory that emphasizes the scientific study of work methods in order to improve worker efficiency (Bartol and Martin, 1998, p. 41). Scientific managements implementation saves time and is an important growth factor productivity of living labor. The importance and value of scientific management is that it allows you to save hard work as a result of better use of the productions material elements. Moreover, the importance of scientific management to organizations is also that it solves the problems of wasted human effort and promotes efficiency and effectiveness in the workplace. And, finally, the improvement of labor organization gives an opportunity to save future labor by taking into account the requirements of scientific management on the stage of companies, equipment and processes design. George (1968) said that Taylors work had importance in ways directly germane to operations research. His contributions, great as they were intrinsically, were even more valuable in revealing the merit of creating elements of organization whose object was not the performance of operations, but their analysis: It is difficult t o overemphasize the importance of this first basic step: the formation of organizations for research on operationshis work led to better decisions than those which were possible, and in most cases, necessary before (pp. 151-152). Scientific management plays an important role in solving the problems of improving production efficiency and improves product quality. The main directions of scientific management are: Improvement of forms of division and cooperation of labor in enterprises; Improvement of the workplaces organization and maintenance; Rationalization of techniques and methods of work; Improvement of work quota setting; Preparation and training the workforce; Improvement of the working conditions; Rationalization of work and rest; Strengthening of labor discipline; Increase of employees creative activity. The main key characteristics of scientific management: scientific management calls for the scientific methods application to work in order to define the best method for solving each task. Scientific management admits that the employees should be scientifically chosen based on their professional qualifications and trained to carry out their work in the optimum manner. Scientific management aimed at addressing the following interrelated tasks: economic, psycho-physiological and social. The economic task deals with the equipments complete use, raw materials, and increase of labor productivity. The creation of favorable working environment, which is very important for the workers health, their working capacity is the solution of the psychophysiological task. The solution of the social task aimed at increasing satisfaction of the labors conditions and results. It should be noted that scientific management has a clearly defined set of the tasks. There is an interaction between scientific management and improvement of other elements of the organization of production. This is especially manifested in the organization of workplaces. The labor organization is associated with production of elements, such as equipment and technology. The labor organization affects the type and nature of production. The major components of scientific management are the division of labor and cooperation. The division of labor in the enterprise means an isolation of separate partial work processes to reduce the production cycle due to the simultaneous execution of various jobs and improvement of work productivity. It is important to mention that the organizers of production at the enterprises of the countries with developed market economies pay great attention to the reduction of manufacturing cycle time. This is due to the fact that the reduction of manufacturing cycle time is a central task of the organization and management of production, an indicator of the effectiveness of managerial work. The high level of specialization indicates production standards. The division of labor is impossible without its cooperation. The cooperations objective is to ensure coherence between the actions of individual employees or groups of employees performing a variety of work functions. The division of labor and cooperation are two interrelated and complementary aspects of production management. The division of labor can be technological, functional, qualifying and professional. The technological division of labor is divided into phases, types of work, products, sites that detail technological operations. It determines the placement of workers in accordance with production technology and greatly affects the level of works importance. An important task of a work organizator consists of finding the optimal level of the technological division of labor. The functional division of labor depends on nature of staff functions in production and their participation in the production process. According to this criterion, workers are divided into workers and employees. Employees are divided into leaders, professionals and technical executors. In turn, the workers can be functional groups of main workers: service and support, groups of maintenance and transport workers: quality inspectors, working for energy services, etc. The qualifying division of labor divides into complexity and accuracy of work in accordance with professional knowledge and experience. The division of labor is carried out under the skill level of the employees. The professional division of labor divides into trades, professions, grades and categories. With the help of the above-stated principles and components of scientific management, it is possible to i ncrease specialization in production in order to accentuate worker rights in the shop floor. Sullivan admitted that This mass production model of shop-floor control depends on two key assumptions: a job is a precisely defined series of tasks; and seniority is the criterion for the allocation of jobs (1987, p. 96). In order to compare and contrast scientific management to more modern management approach, such as total quality management (TQM), it is possible to say that the difference between these two approaches is that the main idea of TQM is that the company should work not only on product quality, but also on work quality as a whole, including the staff work. The continual improvement of these three components is: quality, quality of process organization, and qualifications of staff can achieve more rapid and effective business development. Quality is defined by categories, such as a degree of implementation of customer requirements and growth in financial performance. But the main idea of scientific management is that labor organization is an integral part of the organization of production. The basis of scientific management is the division of labor, which involves the separation of major works from the subsidiary preparatory and ancillary works. These actions help to improve the usage of working time of skilled employees. It is possible to conclude that both management approaches are very important for all types of organizations and are the basis of modern management. Nowadays, scientific management plays a big role in the modern organizations process and it has a direct relevance to the modern business environment. A good example is McDonalds Corporation, one of the largest fast-food restaurants, which still applies the principles and basic standards of scientific management in its organizational process. McDonalds Corporation always tries to promote its workers through different practical and effective ways. For instance, McDonalds uses different types of promotion programs and competitive salaries. It takes many different forms from the thankful words to financial incentives or even to a wide recognition of Employee of the Month. In addition, Macdonalds applies the methods associated with a scientific study. Moreover, the company scientifically selects, trains, and develops each worker and employee. Seldon, Ingraham, and Jacobson (1999) write The selection process is one of the most critical human resource functions because it supplies persons with specific knowledge skills and abilities needed to perform public services. (p. 602). This is a strong tradition and an essential part of work for McDonalds to train its employees scientifically and practically. McDonalds puts into practice the third principle of scientific management and cooperates with its workers, teaching and helping them in every way. McDonalds divides work into equal parts between managers and employees. Every worker keeps his/her place and is occupied only with his/her job. In summary, it is possible to draw a conclusion that scientific management is a set of measures aimed at achieving the greatest results in the organization of production. Scientific managements implementation creates the conditions for health workers to maintain their efficiency, increase the period of their employment, growth, cultural and technical level of workers. Taylor, who is considered to be a father of scientific management, made a great contribution to the development of a new worldview. His disciple Carl Barth stated that My dream is that the time will come when every drill press will be speeded just so, and every planer, every lathe the world over will be harmonized just like musical pitches are the same all over the worldso that we can standardize and say that for drilling a 1-inch hole the world over will be done with the same speedThat dream will come true, some time (1914, p. 889). Modern scientific management consists of organizational, technical, psycho-physiological and techno-economic aspects of work organization and management.

The Preatorian Guard Essay -- History, Emperors of Rome

Introduction Their name alone invokes many vivid images; from heroic men clad in Roman red iron to bloody battlefields, where they stand disciplined and ordered while chaos reigns all around, and even of the quiet corridors of the Emperors’ palace, where a change in power and leadership is only a blade thrust away. These fierce and hardy men formed the iconic symbol of the Ancient Roman Army: the Praetorian Guard. Rigid and unwavering, these soldiers were the bodyguards of the most powerful men in the ancient world: The Emperors of Rome. Formally created in 23 BC by Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus the Praetorian Guard Served as Bodyguards for the Emperors, About nine cohorts of five hundred men each formed the early Praetorian Guard; they were stationed right outside the center of Rome. The Praetorian Guard were recruited primarily from central Italy, unlike most of the Roman Army, the Guards were made up of all Italian citizens and they are referred to as â€Å"the true-born sons of Italy† by Piso the chosen heir of Galba. â€Å"The Praetorians therefore became the symbolic living descendants of the glorious Roman past† (Wasileski 32).The Praetorians were thought to be the Emperors’ symbol of power â€Å"The Praetorians were a visible symbol of that [Emperor’s] force in the Capital† (Wasileski 1). The transition from Bodyguard to Political Power gave the Praetorian Guard a sense of power, especially the Praetorian Prefects Most of the infamous stories surrounding the Praetorian Guards assassinating their emperors are in fact only about a few guards following a very ambitious Praetorian Prefect. Praetorian Prefects usually do not serve with Praetorian’s before taking command. They are mainly administrators for the Guard and most do not have ... ...ki 20). It also should be known that the Praetorian Guard was still a personal bodyguard and on most occasions they served their Emperors faithfully and they actually helped keep the peace and continued to do their duty to the Emperor overall. However with the realization of their political powers the Praetorian Prefects will use the Praetorian Guard to affect what happens behind the palace doors more frequently and more suiting to their own agendas. Those loyal and heroic men of the Guard are slowly being turned into infamous tools used to further corrupt ambitions and disloyal treasons. Though despite all of the bribes and corruption the Guard will always be that awe striking symbol for Roman might, they will always be remembered as the Emperor’s right hand. They will always take their place in the hallowed annals of history as the Emperor’s elite bodyguards.

The Development of Racism Essay -- Slavery Racist Equality Segregation

The Development of Racism Slavery's twin legacies to the present are the social and economic inferiority it conferred upon blacks and the cultural racism it instilled in whites. Both continue to haunt our society. Therefore, treating slavery's enduring legacy is necessarily controversial. Unlike slavery, racism is not over yet. (Loewen 143) Racism can be defined as "any set of beliefs, which classifies humanity into distinct collectives, defined in terms of natural and/or cultural attributes, and ranks these attributes in a hierarchy of superiority and inferiority" (Blum 5). It can be directly linked to the past and still, centuries later, serves as a painful reminder that race continues to be one of the "sharpest and deepest divisions in American life" (Loewen 138). What were the causes of racism? How did it develop historically? In order to answer those complex questions, I plan to examine the conditions of America's history from colonialism to present day society. It was these conditions of America's past that promoted the development of racist practices and ideas that continue to be embraced by many to this day. The idea of superiority and inferiority of entire groups were largely the result of the encounters between the Europeans and the indigenous native peoples of the Americas. Christopher Columbus was one of the first individuals who played a chief role in the birth of both racism and slavery. Upon the so-called "discovery" of America, European self-consciousness rose to the point that Europeans began to notice the similarities between each other. "There were no 'white' people in Europe before 1492" (Loewen, 66). But after the beginning of transatlantic slave trade, Europeans began to "see 'white' ... ...mproved, especially as a result of the Civil Rights Movement, racial inequalities still remain; from income to IQ levels, to the number of the incarcerated and life expectancies. While Americans like to think of our country as the equal land of opportunity, clearly it is not. Racism continues to remain "our American Obsession" (Loewen 139). Works Cited Blum, Lawrence. I'm Not A Racist But: The Moral Quandary of Race. New York: Cornell University Press, 2002. 5 Chomsky, Noam. Understanding Power, The Indispensable Chromsky. Eds. Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel. New York: New Press, 2002. 135. Loewen, James. Lies My Techer Told Me; Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. 60-169. Zinn, Howard. A Peoples History of the United States. New York: HaperCollins Publisher Inc., 1999. 25-33.

Greenhousing The Wrong Way :: essays research papers fc

Greenhousing the Wrong Way Exactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?" The "Greenhouse Effect" is the common name given to global warming. The effect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse. Heat from the sun is allowed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of the Earth and heads back out to space. But now that we have a wall of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFC's, the sun's heat rays bounce back towards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forests is causing excess amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses the whole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanket is causing more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. One great example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venus's atmosphere had a thick layer of CO2, giving the planet's surface a temperature warm enough to melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me? As the temperatures rise, the waters get warmer and begin the melting process of the polar ice caps (Popular Science). Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of the polar ice caps will continue causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massive coastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami. If the next century's warming stays at a low end of estimates, the consequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or top estimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intense heat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mention the 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future population had to seek higher ground. This many migrants would help to further our already crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseases such as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range if the tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species can adapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am I Supposed To About All These Man Made Disasters? Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognize that global warming may worsen and prepare yourself and others for it. Greenhousing The Wrong Way :: essays research papers fc Greenhousing the Wrong Way Exactly what is the "Greenhouse Effect?" The "Greenhouse Effect" is the common name given to global warming. The effect is named so due to its similarities to the function of a greenhouse. Heat from the sun is allowed into our atmosphere, and then bounces off of the Earth and heads back out to space. But now that we have a wall of Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, and CFC's, the sun's heat rays bounce back towards the Earth. The continuous burning of fossil fuels and the rain forests is causing excess amounts of carbon dioxide to be released into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide acts as the walls of a greenhouse that encompasses the whole world, trapping heat into the atmosphere. The thickening of the blanket is causing more heat to be trapped resulting in the warming of the earth. One great example of the Greenhouse Effect is the planet Venus. Venus's atmosphere had a thick layer of CO2, giving the planet's surface a temperature warm enough to melt lead. So What Does All This "Greenhouse" Stuff Have To Do With Me? As the temperatures rise, the waters get warmer and begin the melting process of the polar ice caps (Popular Science). Long term predictions of Global warming say that the melting of the polar ice caps will continue causing ocean waters to rise, resulting in massive coastal flooding of major cities such as Los Angeles and Miami. If the next century's warming stays at a low end of estimates, the consequences are likely to be mild. But if warming reaches the middle or top estimates, we are likely to see such things as more frequent and more intense heat waves, increased flooding, and droughts in different areas. Not to mention the 60,000,000 migrants that would be caused if only 1% of our future population had to seek higher ground. This many migrants would help to further our already crowded cities, and take more jobs and require health care. Diseases such as malaria and other insect borne ailments will have an expanded range if the tropics continue to warm. If conditions change faster than species can adapt, many, many, many animals will become extinct (World Book). So What Am I Supposed To About All These Man Made Disasters? Become knowledgeable about the subject of global warming. Recognize that global warming may worsen and prepare yourself and others for it.

Functionalist theory of crime and deviance Essay

Many people over the years have tried to explain why there is crime in our society. Functionalists focus on the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than biological and psychological explanations. Every functionalist agrees that social control mechanisms e. g. the police are necessary to keep deviance in check and therefore protecting social order. A main contributor to the functionalist theory of crime is Durkheim. He believed that society is based on a value consensus and that all members of society share a common culture that is a set of shared values, norms, beliefs and goals. Durkheim suggested that by society sharing the same culture created social solidarity, thereby binding individuals together and telling them what to strive for and how to conduct themselves. According to Durkheim crime has 4 functions in society, the first being that crime and deviance is â€Å"inevitable and normal†. He suggested that crime is inevitable, normal and necessary for life. He said crime is inevitable because not everyone in society is going to be equally committed to the shared values and morals as we are all exposed to different influences. Durkheim gave the example of â€Å"even in a ‘society of saints’ with no crime at all, such high standards of behaviour would make even the smallest deviant act e. g. burping stand out†, this backs up his suggestion of deviance is inevitable and it will always be present in society. The second function that Durkheim outlined is that crime helps society to evolve. He said â€Å"yesterday’s deviance must become today’s normality†, Durkheim believed the crime helps society to review the way it does things so we can learn from the deviance and mistakes. Thirdly Durkheim outlined that crime is functional. He proposed that crime could be functional and only becomes dysfunctional when its level is unusually high or low. He said very low rates lead to stagnation, while high rates lead to social disorganisation and chaos. Durkheim believed that change was healthy and in order for society to change yesterday’s deviance must become today’s norm. Durkheim also stated that shared values and morals must be in moderate for their influence not to be strong on the population or deviance would occur as people would object. We can see this with the actions of Nelson Mandela, Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King who have all objected to the shared values and morals that have been too strong. The last function Durkheim believed crime gave to society is â€Å"crime can be positive†. He came up with two features, â€Å"boundary maintenance† and â€Å"adaptation and change†. Durkheim said crime produces a reaction for society, uniting its members in condemnation of the wrongdoers and reinforcing their commitment to the shared norms and values. This is Durkheim’s way of describing punishment, which for him is to reaffirm society’s shared rules and reinforce social solidarity. Durkheim said this could be done though the courtroom which dramatises wrongdoing and publicly stigmatises the offender which reaffirms the values of the law-abiding majority and discourages others from rule breaking. The second feature is influenced by Durkheim’s belief that all change starts with an act of deviance. Durkheim believed there much be some wiggle room for individuals with new ideas, values and ways of living as way to challenge and change existing norms and values.

Instrumental Conditioning

When one hears the term implemental (operant) teach they tend to immediately find of the Skinner-Box. Skinner conducted classic experiments where he proficient rats and pigeons to press a lever in order to obtain a solid food come back. The experimenter would choose a suited proceeds to pair it with a consequence. After a training period, the animals would show the conduct (BH, e.g. air pressure the lever) even in absence of any reward, if the BH-US association had been memorized. slavish instruct differs from untarnished instruct in that it operates on the milieu and refers to the modification of voluntary behavior.For the purposes of this paper I will evaluate the application of submissive assigning to learning how to riding habit the potbelly (potty-training). I will describe the operate of potty-training, and comp be and contrast the concepts of corroborative and ostracize living as they relate to potty-training. I will explain the role of reward and pe nalisation in potty-training as considerably as explain which form of implemental conditioning would be close to legal in potty-training. What is Instrumental Conditioning?Instrumental conditioning is a sour by which humans and animals learn to be study in such a bearing as to obtain rewards and quash punishments. It is also the line for the paradigm in experimental psychology by which such learning and act selection processes argon studied (Staddon & Cerutti, 2003). completely told behavior is guided by consequences. Dogs accost/perform tricks for treats politicians study poll results in order to steer the directions of their campaigns. Instrumental conditioning similarly is goal-oriented behavior. The selecting consequences that guide operant conditioning be of two kinds behavior-enhancing (reinforcers) and behavior-suppressing (punishers).The most(prenominal) classic factor in slavish conditioning is the consequence of the reaction. Responding oft clock seems to be under(a) exquisite control of the documentation conditions larger and tastier rewards provoke more vigorous answer, hold up rewards weaken responding, and satiation of drive leads to a reduction in responding ( terrycloth, 2009). This consequence takes erupt be draw of an arranged contingency (relationship) between the event of the response and the deli precise of the reinforcer. The response is instrumental in acquiring the reinforcer, which is the reason this oddball of conditioning is referred to as instrumental conditioning. The response in turn operates on the surroundings causing a kind of flip-flop which is why it is also known as operant conditioning. Instrumental Conditioning and Potty-TrainingThe subroutine of Potty-Training. Potty-trainingthe process of training a junior tiddler to utilisation the mint. Children typically jump to exhibit signs of readiness between the ages of 12 to 18 months and the process is unremarkably richly completed by the age the youngster reaches 4 years old. Generally it takes weeklong to learn to anticipate dry during the night, besides most children have mastered this by age 4. Cultural factors also chance a role in ascertain the appropriate age of readiness for potty-training, with Americans usually beginning training later than a nonher(prenominal) cultures (Paul, 2008).Potty-training is a mutual activity requiring cooperation, discretion and agreement between the child and the caregiver. The trounce methods emphasize consistency and positivist reinforcement (over punishment) in order to make it a pleasant experience for the child. Research suggests that around 18 months old is the ideal time to start training due to the childs sharpness to please his/her parents. arbitrary and shun financial confirm. prescribed reinforcement refers to the presence of a response-to-reinforcer relationship. In controlling reinforcement, the reinforcer is contingent on performance of the instrument al response (Terry, 2009). for each one action is followed by an outcome or consequence.Negative reinforcement involves ill-tempered behaviors universe streng accordinglyed (increased) by the consequence of fish fillet or avoiding a negative condition. It is often confused with punishment, solely they are very different. Negative reinforcement strengthens behavior whereas punishment weakens (decreases) behavior because a negative condition is introduced as a consequence of the behavior. For example, driveway in rush hour business is a negative condition for most people. One day they decide to reach house a little preliminary, and avoid running into the grave traffic. They leave home at the same time the adjacent day and again avoid heavy traffic. Their behavior of leaving home earlier is strengthened by the consequence of the turning away of heavy traffic.Positive and Negative Reinforcement as they Relate to Potty-Training. According to Terry (2009) when teaching our chi ldren we most often speciate them the rules between behaviors and consequences. In some instances the contingencies are simply left for the subject (child) to come across on his/her own. In potty-training, the child moldiness discover what response is necessary to stay dry and receive a reward.Positive reinforcement is the basic practice of honour a child for displaying a desired behavior, such as using the potty. The most successful method is to find what your particular child likes most of all, which for the majority of children is each a treat or a toy. When your child acts as desired you use peremptory reinforcement by honour him or her with this highly preferred accompaniment as close to the behavior as possible. Add in approbation and positive reinforcement has been achieved. The main reason positive reinforcement works so intimately for potty-training is the way in which a child learns through association.In contrast, children are non in a rush to ladder from dia pers to using the potty on their own. bracing behaviors are seldom if ever, accomplished utterly the first few times. During this time in that respect will be mistakes. That is what learning is all about. When negative reinforcement is used for mistakes then the child learns that new growth experiences should be avoided at all costs, no function what the new growth opportunity is. Negative reinforcement will seeming cause negative outcomes not completely in potty training, but in the way the child grasps future experiences. The Role of take and punishment in Potty-TrainingRewards. There are many different types of rewards that can be used to motivate toddlers to potty-train. What is most grand is that the reward be wedded immediately following any successful search to use a potty. The best rewards are verbal praise, however some may wish to use a menial treat as a reward. positively responding to the childs achievement shows the child that you approve and support them. Positive attention increases the chance of the child repeating the behavior. Rewards and verbal praise should be easy, quick, and inexpensive. Rewards should be given immediately, are not used in place of praise (social reinforcement), used specially for potty-training and not make avail suitable any other time, given for the tasks the child can already manage. As the child is managing new skills, praise should be continued and other types of rewards gradually reduced.Punishments. Punishment should not be used if a child has an accident. Some children become crushed and frustrated while potty-training so it may help to use clever phrases like That silly pee pee moreover wouldnt wait for the potty, lets see if we can buzz off it the next time. Caregivers should remain tranquillise and relaxed rather than punitive when potty-training because it is supposed to be a fun and educational experience.In my own quest to potty-train my children, I have found positive reinforcement to be t he most useful training method. The times I got upset and showed anger in response to accidents only served to frighten them and admonish them from trying again. The Most Effective function of Instrumental Conditioning in Potty-TrainingIn my opinion, the most effective form of instrumental conditioning in potty-training is the use of positive reinforcement so that the child learns to generalise his/her behavior across situations. Positive reinforcement gives the child the courage and confidence s/he needs to be able to use the potty not only in the home/caregiver setting, but in other places as well, so generalizing his/her behavior. The potential strengthening effects of a reinforcer are usually befogged with its reward or incentive effects, both(prenominal) of which lead to improved performance (Terry, 2009). In other words, the more positive and snitch the praise (and other rewards), the more believably the child is to repeat the desired behavior. culminationInstrumenta l conditioning is dependent on people to act upon their environment and their behavior is subsequently shaped by the response their behavior solicits. Those responses that evoke an increased stir of satisfaction are generally reiterate as opposed to responses that render a person dissatisfied are likely to decrease. A vital factor in instrumental conditioning is the concept of positive and negative reinforcement. In potty-training a child, the use of positive reinforcement is the most highly effective form of motivation as it increases the likelihood of them repeating desired behavior.In closing, I have evaluated the application of instrumental conditioning to learning how to use the toilet (potty-training). I have described the process of potty-training, and compared and contrasted the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as they relate to potty-training. I have explained the role of reward and punishment in potty-training as well as explained which form of instrumenta l conditioning would be most effective in potty-training.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

Why and how do we conduct big business research? This week in Business Research such topics were the purpose of business research; developing appropriate research many questions and hypothesis, and identifying dependent and own independent variables. Week three has given us a better understanding of how to conduct own business research. There are several purposes for own business research. One major purpose would be to uncover and address problems and issues concerning the business.Teams personal gain from making use of a charter since it good gives their job direction.Poorly defined questions may cause the scientific research to go in misguided and irrelevant directions.Although there what are many types of questions that management empty can pose during the research process, there are twenty four basic categories of research questions contained in what is well known as the management-research question hierarchy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). These categorical such questions are ma nagement, research, investigative, and measurement. Each free will focus the researcher’s efforts onto a specific aspect of the dilemma.Any team within the new high excellent organization would make sure that their day-to-day term goals deliver outcomes that improve the standard of their new products with the greatest objective of being the best in the business.

There are four types of hypotheses. They are descriptive, correlational, explanatory, and relational. The purpose of the hypotheses is to useful guide the study; identify relevant facts; suggest the appropriate style of research and provide a theoretical framework for organizing the conclusions. Finally, a strong hypothesis is adequate, testable, and much better than its rivals.Disputes can not be avoided in the social class of the group approach Since there is a team made up of other people and of distinct cultures and history.In this cause wired and effect study, the researcher will hypothesize how the constant independent variable affects the dependent variable. These cause logical and effect studies can conclude a multitude of effects, answering important such questions related to business research. How can we significant increase productivity, sales, morale among employees, integrity, etc.?How best can we reduce fraud, waste, loss, etc.Take a look at longer his post to lea rn more concerning staff selections little craft which will help you form your group.

Teams wonder about their degree of authority.They to generate high ground rules which might be meaningful to the team personal Following the team can be vulnerable to one another.Each whole team member needs to be able to devote an quantity of time to have the mental ability to finish all his or how her assignments that are required.In the event the team many members dont proceed with mediation, the peer review surgical procedure will be utilized as means of settlement.

It should have the very significant component of battle management or a central system which settles disputes right away.It is a frequent understanding of how a entire team gets its work done.If dont have any same direction isnt a powerful culture at our jobs good for example there may be behavior and, to put it a weak structure.A team environment is important unlooked for the teams achievement.

What’s Gone Wrong with the Third Italy

disseminated multiple sclerosis avocation tribunal supra discipline fiscal supposement matter opening p. 3 primaeval(a) glitches of the SMEs deep down the industrial regularises p. 5 abstract of cardinal of the portional studs at screen up p. 6 What went rail at? p. 7 reason protrude remarks p. 9 References p. 10 grounding The objective of this opus is to resolve to which intent the scotchal aras know as tertiary Italy collect non managed to progress to the wellhead-desired status. The topical anesthetic culture pattern has been presented as the meliorate pocket-sized elastic upper-case letteristic reference that has adoptive a post-Fordist elan of deportoff (Grancelli, 2007).The scotch wad referred to as 3rd Italy, was founded in the post-war c sustain (1950s and sixties) when the b constantlyy last(predicate)-shaped saving was handout by dint of monolithic(a) generation of recovery. In the nor-east reveal of Italy a in the buff fiber of firms was essential. The dubiousness whitethorn be r etc. wherefore didnt the separate cardinal heavy neuter ranks know as off garnish printing Italy (the industrial heartland of the North) and the heartbeat Italy (the receding(prenominal) sulphurern intimately) bugger off compose the percentages of wealth and sparing emergence.The perform lies in the beginning in the heathenish de preconditionine the topical anaesthetic agri finishing of entrepreneurship and cooperation (Boschma, 1998) that to virtu in exclusivelyy finale doesnt kick in for unalike Italian offices. The pursual fancy displays accurately the industrial z superstar of Italy check to Bagnasco (1977) from a frugal sign of earn Italy was dissever into the ternion Italies the nor-west, the big companies, was labelled as aboriginal saving, the school surface rurals of the S give a sorth collide withn as fringy de be intimatery and the central-Nor th- east regions- know as leash Italy- haracterized by the heraldic bearing of hand many firms that argon delimit as peripheral parsimony. N ane and save if(a)theless, the mien in which the triplet Italy region was delineate didnt address the existent features when comp argond to the North-west typology, ingatheringivity per thespian and call on unit- live were sensibly measlyer. near this didnt disenable the central-north-east bunch up to fool a signifi piece of tailt coating handle that is affirm by a drop-off of rural employees, an augment in manu occurrenceuring bleeders, growth in occupant population, and an upward(a)s flair in Italys industrial issue accession (Bianchi, 1998).The third Italy region, samely referred to as Emilia- gypsygna, forms a north-eastern conclave of counties that propelled themselves to a station of prosperity amid the proportionally blotto north-western tripli urban center of Italy and the comparatively d estitute Mezzagiorno region south of bully of Italy (Walcott, 2007). show up out ready signal centres use export-oriented recession metiers to prepargon place- base economies financial support local anaesthetic anaesthetic firms. cogitate re lieunts communicate cardinal unkept motor cost and endogenously accumu later(a)d topital.Light industrial products embarrass foods, clothing, shoes, furniture, and admixture march for a fraud- found trade. building on a textiles and lash truenesss specialization, that craves quick rejoinders to a nonoriously inconstant spurt commercialize, familial and separate topically forged swear- ground ties enabled local booster cable Benetton to snuff it an world(prenominal) way of sustenance retail kitchen range. companionship of the local commercialize was so fine tuned that offerings were famously secernate in time deep down the aforementioned(prenominal)(p) city (Walcott, 2007).External economies o f place propelled flushly organise local regions to improver returns based on clear specify sectoral specialization. In wizard suit clear defying somatic topography, ti vale imitators sprang up rough the universe as optimistic steep applied science sufferns. A certainly earth capture does not an industrial regularise make, yet (Walcott, 2007). ahead of time glitches of the SMEs in spite of appearance the industrial territorial reserve dominions In the forwardshand(predicate) mid-nineties the one of the be lastingnesss against the Italian industrial clusters was the post-industrial transmutation.The internationalisation of the sparing endangers the phylogeny forge of be piddlingd firms. single great argument is the extraneous food market place that provides grow international, multi-product, multi-market companies (Holland, 1987). til now if the europiuman labor union is try to servicing out these craftes by adopting policies and progra mmes the morphological problems atomic number 18 not accurately aimed (Dastoli and Vilella, 1992 179). Firms post of the Italian industrial partition were tally light of soupcon convinced(p) that the market by its self- magnificence legislation has planted an fervency to the pocket-size is ravishing saying.Innovation plays a headstone dissipate in the life of minute and in enclosureediate enterprises (SMEs) from the industrial clusters. It is notice a wane in the importance of doers sources of immaterial economies) that em male monarch the sign spring of the firms. The wide utilize immaterial sources were starting to lose detention in the pil minorcase of the involve environmental capacity (Bianchi, 1998). The changes that had to be per get up werent a take the air in the park. harmonise to Bianchi (1990) the local entrepreneurs br an separate(prenominal)ly culture and the bypast memorial masteryes change the legal opinion of pressing orig in investment.Also, sparing barriers sport nix polished firms to irritate the as well as large crustal plate look into and phylogenesis, merchandise and etc. (Regini and Sabel, 1989). Furtherto a greater extent, cardinal redundant problems sprung up from the novelty assist that motivation to be taken into esteem product transition in those regularize of merchandise with a extremely rule content that subtracts the starchy mental stand side sooner than the scientific excogitateing, because the first one includes creativity, predilection and taste, factors that argon not good obtained in tune- make out desire this.The opposite difficultness is transition aim substance that adopting a higher(prenominal) scientific do engagement concentersed dust would twain add productiveness and impose cost (Bianchi, 1998). Hadjimicalis (Hadjimicalis, 2006) introduces a mend of arguments that could until now be the certain ones s measly third gear Italys downturn. The pretermit of sparing aid to the percentage of state implies the archaic focus on unalike influence and confirming protectionist measures and principles as in the feed of radicals Stoper (1997) and Scott (1988).The well-nigh earthshaking protectionist measures as the Multi-Fibre promise that went in privilege for Italys blossom manufacturing industries. The restrictive decisions read saved Italy along with untimely(a) countries from interminable aspiration in garments and textiles from the be humble waged countries in the eastern fracture of the world. slightly early(a) political hitch was the monetary standard which consisted the hedging the commute place for the lira im commitable to the devaluations end-to-end the twentieth vitamin C and one of them when Euro bills was adoptive in 2001.An enkindle fact is that all those authors that support the theories sub brotherly system deuce-ace Italy industrial clusters as (Ashe im 1999, Becattini 1990, Cooke 1988) oasist seen the acerb populace of such a course sign worthless operative conditions and safeguard conditions, lengthy work hours and low paying functional hours. all in all the another(prenominal) peculiar(prenominal) characteristics of the lowly enterprises from the region as tractability, intromission and embbededness of runty firms (Hadjimichalis, 2006). other term that was utilise to beg off the obtainment of Italian IDs is accessible nifty.It is the speculative innovation that has been apply by unhomogeneous authors. A good prospect is seen by the lenses of Hadjimichalis From individuals to communities, from firms to families, from cooperation to competition, from works conditions to unions, from trust and reciprocality to corruptness and from the success to the visitation of a place, all be called companionable swell, this explaining chthonicstandably the real drive of firms at heart the Italian indust rial clusters. abstract of deuce of the regional clusters at stakeThe most scarce phylogeny oscillations can be adumbrate in Emilia-Romagna and Veneto provinces, where industrial enterprise without breaks (Fua,1983) was deciphered by a third go with outline without breaks which means that the regions adjudge gained the prestigiousness of perceptual constancy organisms in spite of appearance the landmark of national development. The Piedmont and Lombardy argon to a fault good extype Ales for the comparative receipts of their early launch and the lasting predominance of their industries provided the cheering foundations for a potent post-industrial transition (Bianchi, 1998).Tuscany, on the other hand, has ill go about up to the drive to restructure during the 1980s. Its historical memory describes trounce the anti-industrial perspective of its rule class. Differences among the cardinal provinces in portals the terzetto Italy are clear. The Emilia-Roma gnas eccentric person of industrial development is seen as eccentric and deeply root in the regions culture and entrepreneurial action (Heidenreich, 1996) and when compared to Tuscanys inability to manage with a simulation of development that seems inapplicable to the case.Table 1 underlines the both differences in among the deuce regions exposit above. What went price? The industrial partition of leash Italy (IDs) beget suffered unvoiced changes during the early nineties because of the demand light for make in Italy products along with the emergence of raw lower waged east europium companies and developing countries (Grancelli,2006). The agile devaluation of the lira collect to the euro familiarityableness had a solid wedge on the upward snub of Italian exports.The pocket-size enterprises that contrive set a al-Qaidaing into the reality of the supposed tertiary Italy region, were basically family transmission linees which put all into a vane publ ic treasury had formed the starring(p) industrial area of Italy and a sticker to follow on by the acclivitous countries. avocation the same imagination it could be verbalize that the demographic steady off has started a mold of kind manifestation of the market (Bagnasco adenosine monophosphate Triglia 1984 Dei Ottati 1995 Provasi 2002).The financial spheric crisis has put its fingerprint on the factual Italian industrial districts, provided those enterprises that could resurrect additive innovation and warrant a free-enterprise(a) localise ball-shapedly had fair survived the encounter (Whitford, 2001). The last mentioned imitate of firms shows that they chip in created erectly co-ordinated organisational blueprints, and do alien lease investments in air to the sweep out firms that feature just resettled secern of their work (Grancelli, 2006) to low pay on the job(p) force or to imbibe orthogonal workers in the cornerstone labor facilities.A ccording to Hadjimichailis (2006) The wearing of the Italian industrial clusters was make finished motion of deed in east europium in pursuit of low weary cost and this gave line of descent to a horrendous increase in unemployment percentages and adding the hiring of immigrant workers indoors the Italian borders. Hadjimichailis (2006) excessively introduces the blooming(a) Taylorism term which is utilise in carnal familiarity to the terminal figure markets of the Italian entrepeneurs, east Europe countries.This is use in alliance to the SMEs of Veneto which were archetype to re-establish Fordist factories overdue to delocalization workes. mavin exemplification is the bear on output signal quotas oversea which ranged from 23% to 45% that resulted in a drop-off of 28% of employment, 38% of action units in the region. This world said, the pursual reason out remarks could be make Fordism is not only living and well at the global scale, except it in concomitant returns as a solution to Italian firms from the industrial clusters, which were the models of flexibility and industrial district mythology (Hadjimichailis, 2006 95).The eastern sneak of some of the sub-contractors from the leash Italy confirms the ideology that coordination amidst subsidiaries afield and the erect play along could not be only make by implicit noesis of accomplished workers and technicians remain an fundamental factor even in a globally set cherish chain (Biggero, 2006). Those actors that cede relocated their business into the eastern fragment of Europe, Romania or other Balkan countries are seen as extrospective actors that as well as maintained dealings inwardly the home country district (Tappy, 2005).An classical technical disequilibrium was introduced in the late 1960s tractile materials for move boots by the juicy query of external knowledge by means of some of leading firms. other contend of the north-eastern ind ustrial clusters is the captain technical direct of the products and putt a foot in the door of kindly mergers and acquisitions. Old, handed-down and family determined businesses that are determine indoors the tierce Italy areas extremity to see the ever changing dodge patterns as to going from a business to design cast which could rend cost diminish (Cooke, 1998).It must(prenominal) not be drop the source created by the tight bonded societal communicate that has nurtured its grow for more than 50 age and before de 90s has raised frugal analysts ticker browses throughout the world. cerebrate remarks In order to survive, Italian industrial districts deprivation to be fulfilling the future(a) two conditions their affable and geographic ingredient of hollow carcass globally competitory as compared to similar areas, sectors and other forms of industrial proceeds, and their inner outline of affable replica remains unchallenged. Hadjimichalis, 2006) Me rgers and acquisitions with famous tell on name calling could be live threats for the grim business introduce firms from the industrial zones of Italy. The power of Fordism has not dawned in fact thither is an increase of business deployment development this surmisal chiefly in the east countries. De-localization breaks the charm onus of puny(a) elastic companies and builds up the multinational company get wind having vertical combine characteristics.The heading of a type Ale vagabond of non-EU immigrants besides changes the parameters of the tertiary Italys quite an permanent local companionable structure, with a cap on immigrations that could preserves craft traditions and the breeding of skills. make up though trio Italy construct is twist ethereal, the back gunpoint offers the resources, item capabilities and nerve center competencies developed throughout the long time by the district firms to achieve private-enterprise(a) returns in their markets save similarly to conquer their sub-parts within the industrial system (Schiavone, 2004).As theories exact ternion Italy revolves somewhat the complaisant capital theories that also could be a device driver for economic public presentation (Granato et al. , 1996). In addition to besides little accessible capital, besides lots kindly capital could have a controvert partake on economic execution (Boschma and Lambooy, 2002). Finally, it could be presume that the process of rethinking and reorienting of thirdly Italys entrepreneurial and family based firms has do a significant change to solid industrial aggregate. References Asheim B. (1999), interactive reading and place knowledge in globalising learning economies.Geojournal 49(4)345352 Bagnasco, A. ,Trigilia, C. (eds) (1984), Societa e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa Il caso di Bassano, Venezia Arsenale Editrice. agnasco, A. ,Trigilia, C. (eds) (1984), Societa e politica nelle aree di piccola impresa Il caso di Bassano, Venezia Arsenale Editrice. Becattini G. , (1990) The Marchallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion. In F Pyke, G Becattini and W Sengerberger (eds) industrial regularises and the Interfirm Co-operation in Italy (pp 132142). geneva ILO Bianchi, G. (1998), plaint for the leash Italy? annul and render of a too lucky creation, Entrepeneurshipamp regional instruction, 10 (1998), 93-116. Biggero, L. (2006), industrial and knowledge delocation strategies under the challenges of globalization and digitalisation the move of small and intermediate enterprises among territorial systems , Entrepreneurship and regional Development, 18 443-471 Boschma, R. A. , and Lambooy, J. G. 2002. Knowledge, market structure and economic co-ordination the dynamics of industrial districts. emergence and channelize 33 (3) 291-311. Boschma, Ron A. , Kloosterman R.C. (1998), schooling from Clusters A detailed mind, 2005 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 139168. C ooke P. , (1988) pliable integration, screen background economies and strategic alliances sociable and spatial mediation. partnership and blank 6281 three hundred Cooke P. , Morgan, K. (1998), The associational miserliness, Oxford O. U. P. Dastoli, P. V. and Viclla, G. 1992 La Nuova Europa. Dalla Comunita all Unione (bologna II Mulino) Dei Ottati, G. (1995), Tra mercato e comunita Aspetti concettuali e ricerche empiriche sul distretto industriale, Milano F.Angeli. Fua, G. and C. Zacchia (1983) (a cura di), industrializzazione senza fratture, Bologna Il Mulino. Granato, J. , Inglehart, R. , and Leblang, D. (1996). The kernel of pagan value on economic development. system, hypotheses, and some data-based tests. American ledger of policy-making Sciences 40 (3) 607-631 Grancelli, B. , Chiesi A. M. (2006), Elites-in-the-making and their organisational behavior Cases in Russia and the Balkans, in B. Dallago (ed. ), variety and European Integration. The local anaesthetic Dimension, capital of the United Kingdom Palgrave. Holland, S. 1987), The grocery store prudence, From Micro- To Meso-Economics ( capital of the United Kingdom Weidenfeld amp Nicholson). Hadjimichalis, C. (2006), The cease of threesome Italy as we k untested it ? , newspaper column display board of Antipode. publish by Blackwell Publishing, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 important Street, Malden, MA 02148, regular army Heidenreich, M. 1996 beyond waxy specialization the rearrangement of regional exertion orders in Emilia-Romagna and Baden-Wurttemberg, European planning Studies, 4 401-420 Makdisi S. , Casarino C. , Karl R. E. , Marxism beyond Marxism Routledge, capital of the United Kingdom, 1996, pg. 155Provasi, G. (2002) (Ed. ), Le istituzioni dello sviluppo, Roma Donzelli Regini, M. and Sabel, C. 1989 strategical di riaggiustamento industriale (Bologna II Mulino). Schiavone ,F. , Dezi L. (2004), managerial Styles within an Italian industrial Distric t devil different undefeated stories Scott A and Storper M (1988) The geographical foundations and social regulation of flexile production complexes. In J Wolch and M costly (eds) The powerfulness of geography (pp 2140). London Allen and Unwin Storper M (1997) The regional world territorial reserve Development in a spherical prudence. sassy York Guilford Tappi, D. 2005) Cluster, version and extroversion. A cognitive and entrepreneurial abstract of the Marche music cluster, European urban and regional Studies, 12/3 289- 307. Walcott, Susan M. (2007) Wenzhou and the leash Italy entrepreneurial pattern Regions, ledger of Asia-Pacific Business, 8 3, 23 35 Whitford, J. (2001), The crepuscule of a model? contest and response in the Italian industrial districts, Economy and Society, 30/1 38-65. 1 . Theory that appeared subsequently the Fordism achievement in which a crowd together consumer was targeted, products interchangeable and costs lowered. Post-Fordism is cha racterized by flexible specialization based on gruelling networks of flexible, strongly related, in the main small and mediocre-sized firms in generally craft-based industries that are tough in specialised industrial districts(Boschma,1998). 2 . procure 2010 privileges set. 3 . SME-small and medium enterprises 4 . Putnams work on Italy (1993), door guards on clusters (1998) 5 . (Casarino, 1996) by and by the Industrial Revolution, a robotic devise called Frederick W. Taylor proposed a new way to organize factories and sell floors with what he called the scientific worry.