The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry Essay Example

The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry Essay Advertising is a one-way communication whose function is to notify possible customers about products and services and how to acquire them. Every major medium is used to deliver these messages, including: television, radio, movies, magazines, newspapers, video games, the Internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by an advertising agency on behalf of a company. One definition of advertising would be: Advertising is the non personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. (Richard F. Taflinger). In other words, advertising could be categorized as a facet which feed the consumer with information regarding a specific product that the consumer is could be purchasing. However, the aim is not only providing information about a given product, but also it should be born in mind that advertising provides all sort of information regarding the advertised product to the consumers. (Nelson, 1974). In an attempt to stress the significance of advertising on youth, the researcher thought of integrating a specific industry which had a lot of controversial literature and its effect on youth. The industry in hand is the tobacco industry. Research Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to draw the lines to the direct connections in terms of effectiveness between advertising and youth aged 15 to 25 years. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Advertising on Youth a Focus on the Tobacco Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In an effort to emphasize this connection, the researcher tried to depict the effects of advertising on youth through the case of tobacco industry. Tobacco advertisements are considered here a vehicle to which the researcher planned to utilize to investigate the effects falling on youth. However, the researcher took a focus on cigarettes specifically, excluding other products of tobacco such as cigars and water pipes (shisha). Research Importance: The importance of this research, as the researcher perceives it, lies in the fact that advertising has taken a long course of development through the years to reach its 3- present influential status. However this status proved to be a double edged weapon when it comes to its medium of usage and the effect of on its target groups. In the following pages, a review of the literature would show the various effects of advertising on youth focusing on the tobacco industry. Literature Review: Function of Advertising: For the advertisement to reach its goal, it has to hit on the emotions of the viewer. This does not have to mean making advertisements that stress emotions, but rather advertisements that connects emotionally with consumers. This is the way to increasing product sales, broadening market share, or remind the consumer of the advertised product if this is the companys aim. Advertisements could also affect other non-using consumers by persuading them to purchase the new product. Such process could lead consumers to switching their product preferences and eventually becoming loyal consumers. (S. P. Raj, 1982). Significance of Advertising: In this competitive and fierce market, every company aims to have the most market share, and the most demand of the customers toward its products. Consequently, companies try to make the most attractive and effective advertisements about their new products, which reveals the importance of advertising in order to be able to compete better with other products. (Becker Murphy, 1993) Advertising plays a large role toward the consumer in order to remind him with the brand name and the product, also the product which have the most possibility in purchasing it habitually, so it plays a big role in improving the consumer mind with the product. Therefore, when the company is creating an ad; it should inform the consumers about the product and the brand, so as to obtain a positive effect toward the brand from the consumer, and this may lead to that the consumer will start thinking about this product that he may purchase and that is the purpose of any company when it makes an ad. (Kolter Armstrong, 2006) -4- On the other hand the product or the brand that is not well know toward the customers the company must create a lot of advertising in order to inform the customers about the brand, and this is an important reason that the product is well known to all the customers. Advertisements play a big role in which it increases the demand toward any product and it also may discourage a customer from switching behavior from one product to the other. And there are many advertisements that provide very little direct information about the product, but they provide the customers with indirect information about the quality of the product that is advertised. (Becker Murphy, 1993) The customers mostly get affected by the social and the psychological forces that the advertisements are created in; thus the company has to choose a good media, time, and places in order to inform all the customers about the product. Nelson, 1974) Advertising tends to affect the consumers who know the product well and the consumers who still don’t know it well. So it affects the consumers who are having the higher loyalty of the product in order to keep them up dated with the product so as not to forget it and let them purchase more and more of the product, but on the other han d the consumers who are having low loyalty with the product, the aim from any advertising that a company makes is to let them know the product and to keep with them until they start purchasing the product usually. And also a main point that the adverting aims to do is to make the consumers switch from the competitive products to the product of the company that is advertised now, and all of this depends on how the companies make their ads in order to be effective so it can affect the consumer when he sees it. (S. P. Raj, 1982) Advertising focuses on how it keeps the brand familiarity with its consumers, so it differs from a company that makes advertising for the customers who are still not familiar with the product. So as we see that the main aspect that the companies concentrate on now is to make advertisements that will have an effect on the consumers who are already familiar by the brand, so what any company want to reach from this point is to keep the brand information in the consumers mind so as they do not forget it and start looking for another brand that is competitive to our brand. (Kent Allen, 1994) There are now some companies that think that the advertising and the promotion makes the consumers much aware about the prices, and this had resulted in that the companies had decreased the effective prices that they charge on the products. 5- So now some companies tend to see and ask if the consumer may have a response toward any changes in the marketing mix strategies over a long period, for example, could this consumer changes his price sensitivity over a long period, or does his sensitivity toward the prices could increase and change over a long period and what are the aspects that had affected this changes, for example, if the company makes some changes in the advertising or promotions so could this result in a change in the consumers price sensitivity. (Mela, Gupta Lehmann, 1997) So these tasks will not esult only in the process that will let us know the differences and changes that will occur in the consumer’s behavior over a long period, but it will also help us in improving and providing better pricing, advertising, and promotion policies that will result in the improving the manufacturing process of the company. A long term period effects means that the companies tend to increase the consumers loyalty toward choosing their brand through making an effective advertising and promotions, and this processed over a long period, so that is why it is called the long term effect. Mela, Gupta Lehmann, 1997) However, the effect of advertising on consumers might differ depending on several factors. First, the consumer differences effect on advertising where any company or advertiser must take in to consideration that the advertising that they create must have a positive effect on the customers in order to grab their attention toward the product. It is also important to understand and to know the feelings and the attitudes of the customers, toward the product or the brand according to the ad that he watch and also how does his feeling is related through his contact to the ad. Edell Burke, 1987) Now most of the companies that intend to create an ad they attempt to concentrate on how the ad can affect the consumer emotions so that he can feel that this product is good and have better quality than other competitors, but this is not an easy job that may be done, because the emotions of any consumer is very hard to be affected with a normal ad, so there must be a different task to be done in o rder to affect the consumer emotion and all this will affect the consumer behavior. Kolter Armstrong, 2006) Second, the effect of consumer awareness of the product on advertising since the kind of any advertising differs from one good to the other because the goods that are already well known will not have a lot of ads in order to inform the consumer, but on the other hand the products that are unknown these are the ones that needs a lot of -6- advertising and concentration from the company toward this product so you can let your product to be well known in a little period of time. (Nelson, 1974) Chronologic development of Advertising: The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more appealing to consumers eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaignfeaturing such headlines as Think Small and Lemon (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a position or unique selling proposition designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewers mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its poster boy was Bill Bern Bach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. The late 1980s and early 1990s witnessed the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a byproduct or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV. The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about noncommercial issues, such as AIDS and political philosophy. Advertising, in its noncommercial appearance, is a powerful educational device capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes. Attributed to Howard Gossage by David Ogilvy. Weighing Advertising: A way to measure advertising effectiveness is known as ad tracking. This advertising research method measures shifts in target market perceptions about the brand and product or service. These shifts in perception are plotted against the consumers’ levels of contact to the company’s advertisements and promotions. The -7- principle of Ad Tracking is generally to measure the effect of the media weight or spending level, the effectiveness of the media targeting, and the quality of the advertising implementation. The effect of advertising has been a matter of significant discussion and many different claims have been made in different situations. Over the past fifteen years a whole science of marketing research has been developed to find out the effect of advertisements on consumers, sales, profit and market share. During debates about the banning of cigarette advertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers was that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise. The opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase spending. According to many sources, the past experience and state of mind of the person subjected to advertising may determine the impact that advertising has. Children under the age of four may be unable to differentiate advertising from other television programs, while the ability to determine the honesty of the message may not be developed until the age of eight. Effects of advertising vehicles on consumers: No one can deny that advertisement has become a very familiar aspect in our lives. Companies and businessmen tend to use advertisements as a method of selling and presenting their merchandise and services, using many forms of ads such as billboards, posters and mails. People are subjected on a daily basis to various advertisements starting from offering the most basic needs to highly luxurious goods. Such advertising has a direct impact on the human behavior that aims at pushing them to desire certain goods or services, and convince the public to behave in a profitable way to the advertiser, which make businessmen, have the will to pay millions of dollars on advertising (Maxwell 1931, 430-432). Previous studies by Lavidge and Steiner (1961) described the target of advertising based on three main purposes: cognitive, affective and conative. The cognitive purpose provides information in order to give the viewers enough knowledge about the product. The affective purpose is to persuade through generating -8- fondness and liking of the product. Lastly, the conative purpose is to arouse desire to actually buy the product (Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2). Although advertising has a powerful impact on the human behavior, yet people should be cautious when dealing with such phenomenon, as it may have harmful, as well as, advantageous effect. In considering some of the positive outcomes of advertising, it can be suggested that it reduces cots for consumers, by arousing demands which leads to large scale production. Also, it raises the standard of living through educating the public to utilize products that are being supplied by government, individuals, industry and other institutions (Maxwell 1931, 431). There are also quite detrimental effects of advertising as for example some might aim at arousing the desire to buy harmful or unwanted products such as cigarettes. Advertising also overstates health superstitions, political prejudice through giving false notions. Moreover, it has a great influence on determining the lifestyles and habits of people, which makes these modes of living in the hands of producers and merchants who seek only profit (Maxwell 1931, 431-432). As a result of this huge manipulation of advertising on their lives, people should take precautions while dealing with such social force. They should be able to exploit advertising in an efficient way that ensures desiring worthy products, and resist the negative influence of advertising. In order to achieve such ability, people should have education, even in public schools, on how to response to advertisements appropriately, as it is a very common activity in our lives (Maxwell 1931, 432-433). Many previous studies agreed that the effect of television advertisements over time increases, stabilize, and ultimately decreases, which is called commercial wear out. For advertisements to regain its effectiveness, a period of no exposure should take place (Burke and Edell 1986, 114-117). The issue of how people remember TV commercials that suggest emotional reaction and those that do not, was also investigated. This process mainly depends on the executional attributes of the ad and the people’s processing when they first watch the ad and then when they try to remember it. It was asserted that recognizing the memory of advertisements is important due to the following reasons: a) people may tend to use these memory -9- ketches while deciding which products to buy (Baker Lutz, 1987; Biehal Chakravarti, 1986; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 2), b) advertisers may find ways of refreshing ad memories of people by setting â€Å"cues† in the places where they make their buying decisions (Keller 1987; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 2), c) measuring the level of ads recall is used in evaluating the effectiveness of the ad (Friestad and Thorson 1993, 1-2). During the process of watching TV advertising, people make decisions concerning the amount of attention and concentration towards the ad. Some people do no have a certain objective in mind while watching an ad, which leads to disperse of their cognitive resources as they are less involved in the viewing (Stephens Russo, 1987; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 3). In this type of viewing the level of classification, assessment and integration is very low, while other aspects such as insight and comprehension prevail (Greenwald Leavitt, 1984; MacInnis Jaworski, 1989; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 3). While on the other hand, people who want to evaluate during the view of ads will direct their cognitive resources to information significant to their evaluation. This type of viewing may produce two types of memory traces. First, an episodic memory structure, in which the task generated in the people’s minds, focuses cognitive resources on information relevant to that task. Second, a semantic knowledge structure is produced which includes only the task- relevant information and any accompanying evaluations (Lichtenstein Srull, 1985; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 3). Previous studies proved that events that arouse emotional reactions are more likely to be remembered than non-emotional events (Bolles, 1988; Brewer, 1988; Nilsson, 1984; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 5). It is proposed that ads that arouse emotional reactions is very much associated with episodic encoding processes (Tulving, 1983; Friestad and Thorson 1993, 5), and that the lack of any encoding objectives increases the viewer’s propensity to experiential encoding, due to the focusing of the viewer’s emotional reactions resources on the parts in the ad that arouses his emotion (Friestad and Thorson 1993, 5-6). Many researchers such as Scherer and Ross (1990) discussed the idea of advertising products that have very small differences in appearance and physical 10 haracteristics, on a very large scale. An example that would illustrate more is the industry of soft drinks, where the two leading market competitors are Coca-Cola and Pepsi. Both of them have a huge advertising campaign, yet they are extremely similar, even regular drinkers can hardly differentiate between them. The same goes with the industry of coffee, beer and cigarettes (Von Der Fehr and Stevick 1998, 113) . It has been proved that if advertising increases supposed product differences, levels of equilibrium advertising decrease in the extent to which product are differentiated. While if advertising supreme product diversity, then advertising levels increase in the extent to which products are differentiated, whereas the motivation that increases readiness to pay is insignificant to the level of product differentiation (Von Der Fehr and Stevick 1998, 124). Types of advertising: Moving on to the types of advertising, a variety of types has been studied including comparative and non-comparative, political and persuasive advertising. Comparative and non-comparative advertising: Comparative advertising has proven to be one of the most widespread and popular types of advertising in the United States media. This popularity is probably a result of the support of unambiguous comparisons by the Federal Trade Commission (Tannenbaum 1974; Wilkie and Farris 1975; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 1), as well as the advertiser’s confidence of its success. Comparative advertising can be defined based on two principles. First, comparative ads whether unambiguously (Wilkie and Fan-is 1975; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2) or ambiguously (Jackson, Brown, and Harmon 1979; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2) makes a comparison between two or more brands in the same general product or service category. Second, comparative ads compare brands based on their products’ attributes (Wilkie and Farris 1975; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2) or market positions (McDougall 1976; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2). Therefore, a brand that would assert it’s better than another one without explaining its methods of achieving such position is not using a comparative system (Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 2). 11 However, present experimental studies proved that the effectiveness of comparative advertising is unclear. Some researchers stated that there are certain advantages that are accompanied with comparative unlike non-comparative advertising (Drijge and Darmon 1987; Miniard et al. 1993; Pechmann and Ratneshwar 1991; Pechmann and Stewart 1990a; Rose et al. 1993; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 1), while others reported that comparative is usually associated with objectionable results (Belch 1981; Golden 1979; Goodwin and Etgar 1980; Levine 1976; Swinyard 1981; Grewal, Kavanoor, Fern, Costly and Barnes 1997, 1). Political advertising: It has been claimed that political advertising, which aims at influencing the political behavior of the people, is believed by candidates to have the ability to affect the voters’ decisions, which is clearly shown in the huge amounts of money spent on the advertising campaigns. Reporters as well, have the same belief shown in the wide coverage of advertisements (Adatto 1990; Kahn and Geer 1994, 93). For example, many researchers stated that George Bush’s campaigns played a major role in defeating Michael Dukakis (Kahn and Geer 1994, 93). In fact, political advertising can somehow influence the public’s views, as it provides information to voters that might affect their considerations while voting. Previous investigations of the genuine substance of ads illustrated that it stresses relevant matters and personal characteristics of the candidate (Joslyn 1980, 1981; Kaid and Davidson 1986; Kern 1989; Shyles 1984a, 1984b; Kahn and Geer 1994, 94). Therefore the provided information increases the voters’ knowledge about the candidate which might eventually turn their evaluation of him (Markus 1982; Markus and Converse 1979; Kinder 1986; Brady and Johnston 1987; Kahn and Geer 1994, 94). A good example would be the case of Bill Clinton, as many didn’t know his personal background, the information and advertisements that focused on his background provided new and critical information about him that totally changed the view of many people towards him (Kahn and Geer 1994, 94). Being one of the most widely spread and used mediums of information and entertainment, Television has grown to be an established tool of sharing information 12 capable of effectively reaching different segments of a society. However, and despite such influence, there have been hardly a few number of studies tackling the behavioral aspect of viewing Television, specifically at home. (Anderson Lorch 1986, 1024). Significance of TV as an advertising vehicle: Therefore, and due to this shortage of a profound viewing of behavioral patterns of different age groups within youth age range, the researcher will discuss briefly the Television viewing behavior of children as it is the stage right before youth which is the main core of this study. (Anderson Lorch 1986, 1024). Previous studies show that regular viewing of Television begins during the early years of a child. According to a study in 1961, it has been noticed that Television viewing starts at the age of 2. 5 years, increases during pre and early school years, declines through adolescence and climbs up again among the elderly. (Schramm 1961; Comstock 1978; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1024). Moving on to factors affecting Television viewing behavior, a laboratory study found out that viewing behavior depends on physical and social context of the viewing state, on the formal features and comprehensibility of the material viewed, including other correlated factors. Nevertheless, it was noticed that mostly children from infancy till the age of 9 are the most attracted to Television. However, 5 year olds held a higher recall rate of auditory material than 9 year olds only when having a visual. That has been relied to the fact that during this age, the child is undergoing a phase of visual exploration and this medium –Television- offers the best resort for such appetite. (Alwitt Anderson 1980; Anderson Levin 1976; Anderson Lorch 1981; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1025). Meanwhile, in another study carried out using time lapse cameras in home, it was found that 19% of the time the Television was on no one was in the viewing room and that pre-school children were the least attentive to material viewed. Another study using video cameras installed in homes claimed that viewers usually engaged in other forms of activities rather than viewing aired material. Teens held the highest rate of attention, followed by adults and lastly children. Another longitudinal 13 observational study in 1980 recorded a tremendous escalation of attention from among viewers aged 12 to 23 months. Bechtel Achelpohl 1972; Allen 1965; Carew 1980; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1025-1026). On the other hand, and by examining findings of the study in hand, results showed that there was no relation between the age of the viewer and the time spent in front of the Television set. A highly significant percentage of increase in visual attention was determined among o-5 year olds which stopped during school years and declined during adulthood. There was also no evident relation between the time spent with the Television and the degree of attention among viewers. Findings stressed on the incident that a rise in time spent with the Television was associated with children till the age of 10 and started to decline afterwards. (Anderson Lorch 1986, 1030). A high level of visual attention through later childhood and adolescence was witnessed bearing in mind that a decline takes place after the age of ten. Therefore, the Television was considered to be a highly effective medium of spreading information and viewing different entertainment material to various groups of the society, especially for older children and teens. (Anderson Smith 1984; Anderson Lorch 1986, 1031). The effect of TV advertising on youth: Now that it was proven through different studies that Television does attract the attention of various age groups, especially children and teens, it would have considerable significance to discuss the effect such medium has on their consuming behavior. And in an approach to this matter, I will discuss selected readings of the literature found on the effect of TV ads on children and teens. Knowing the spreading power of Television, marketers and advertisers have been using Television ads to promote for different products and services. However, some ads proved to be harmful to the society and thats why Television ads have been held responsible for a number of social problems. (Shimp Dyer 1979, 36). An increasingly criticized issue was that of Over-The-Counter (OTC) drug advertising on Television. As there has been a growing belief that there is always a pill to relief from any sort of physical or emotional anxiety. In addition, it has been 14 confirmed by OTC critics that advertising is mainly responsible for the spread of legal and illegal drug use and abuse. However, it was strongly denied by drug representatives that their ads cause such harms. Berger 1974; Watson 1976; Moss 1971; Berger 1971; Edwards 1971; National Council of churches 1974; Stetler 1973; Cope 1976; Payne 1976; Shimp Dyer 1979). According to a Study by Brodlie in 1972 on drug use and sampling a group of heavy users and two other groups who witnessed control over TV exposure it has been noted that heavy drug users viewed Television more often during childhood with minor parental restrictions and on more regular basis. It was alleged that basically, Television had a higher directing effect on heavy drug users during childhood than other controlled groups. It was then suggested that heavy drug users group must have been exposed to more OTC Television ads. (Brodlie 1972; Shimp Dyer 1979, 37). A similar study used two measuring tools where candidates were asked to recall any visual of Television ads on drugs and the other was a brand recall where respondents are asked to sum up all proprietary brands they can recall. After the comparison between the two Television ads recall measurement tool and the respondents use of illicit drugs, a positive relation between marijuana use recall was determined. Hulbert; Shimp Dyer 1979, 37). On the other hand, a study by Ward et al in 1977 claimed that the effect of Television ads on illegal drug consumption might be negligible. The study argues that if Television ads have minor effect on childrens basic consumption skills, then it doesnt have to relate to ideals and norms connected to illegal drug usage. (Ward 1977; Shimp Dyer 1979, 43-44). In any case, illegal drug usage has grown rapidly and is reaching the verge of an epidemic. In parallel, statistics show a massive rise in drug consumption, especially among children. Therefore, it has to be cut down and if Television ads has a share in this rapid growth, then it should be proved and treated. (Shimp Dyer 1979, 43). Moving on to another example on the effects of Television ads on children and teens, which is the Nike athletes shoes ads study. The study examined –among other 15 purposes- the effect of such ads on African American teenagers perception of the product and their intention to make a purchase. Findings came out to suggest that the amount of Television exposure relates to the degree of product perception. As for the intention of making a purchase, it has been found quite high. (Lee Browne 1995, 524-534). Tobacco advertisements and the effect of restriction: Switching to another example, this study examines the causal effects of smoking related advertising. The study hypothesizes that young adolescents who are exposed to anti-smoking TV ads are more likely to have a negative approach towards smoker and tend to evaluate them on such negative basis. The study also claims that some cigarette advertisers tend to use appealing models or well known icons to attract consumers. However, the study predicts that adolescents who have been educated about the hazardous effects of smoking are not likely to be envisioned by such ads that they would appear more mature or exciting by smoking. Yet, such ads would develop thoughts of maturity and thrill even to an individual who knows well the harms of smoking. (Pechmann Ratneshwar 1994, 238-239). In contrast to this, preconceptions that are firmly believed in are uneasily changed and not by advertising, nevertheless, continuous counter-attitudinal advertising usually have a reminding effect on people of their unfavored beliefs. To give a more vivid picture, take the Canadian findings. Canadian advertisers argued showed that certain ads portraying smoking models engaging in dynamic sports action draws out attention to anti-smoking responses. Those ads were irrefutable and conveyed the message that preconceptions about smokers being readily out of breath are untrue. (Pechmann Ratenshwar 1994, 239). After carrying out different procedures and methods of research, it has been proven that subjects who were told about hazards of smoking did perceive smokers more negatively upon viewing smoking ads. Although subjects did find cigarette models attractive and desirable, and even thought about their traits positively, but that didn’t put them aside from thinking negatively about smokers. (Pechmann Ratenshwar 1994, 247). 16 On another note, and according to another study, it has been claimed that in the late 1960s and in year 1970 the Federal Communication Commission required all TV broadcasts and radios to donate a minute of anti-smoking to every 3 minutes of prosmoking ads. Further empirical re

Wilcoxon Signed

Wilcoxon Signed Introduction Wilcoxon signed-rank test is applicable while weighing against corresponding samples to evaluate whether there is a variation in their ranked population averages. In other words, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests are applied in samples that do not meet the requirements of the parametric tests. In most cases, the Wilcoxon signed-rank is used in the circumstances that the population is not normally distributed (Martinez, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Wilcoxon signed-rank can be used in the place of student paired t-test particularly when the sample means are small. The assumptions made while using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test enables it to be more accurate than the dependent variables t-test particularly when the sample means are small. However, when the paired sample means are large, the t-test for non-dependent variable would be a ppropriate. The definition of Wilcoxon test The Wilcoxon signed-rank test refers to a non-parametric statistical theory that is very significant in carrying out tests of two related models as well as repeated dimensions on individual samples to establish whether there are variations in their populace mean ranks (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Further, the test is also useful in assessing the differences existing between the population mean ranks of matched samples. Moreover, the analysis plays an alternative means of assessment to the paired Student’s test for corresponding pairs as well as the t-test for independent samples in the event that the populace is not normally distributed. In carrying out the Wilcoxon test, the statistics from the corresponding population are paired off. The test also applies random sampling of the independent pairs (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Moreover, an ordinal scale is vital in measuring the statistics following a normal distribution. In essence, t he hypothesis testing of non-parametric data is essential in assessing records that can be placed in a given order but lack the statistical figures. In fact, the test is invaluable in analyzing clientele fulfillment (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). The invention of the Wilcoxon test Frank Wilcoxon, an American statistician developed the test in nineteen forty-five. The Wilcoxon test was put forward together with rank-sum test in order to examine two independent variables. In fact, frank Wilcoxon proposed that in the circumstances where two sample populations to be tested is small then the W-test is suitable since it is more accurate than the paired t-test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Later statisticians approved the test for non-parametric variables. In other words, the non-parametric variables are dependent sample population that does not meet the parametric tests. Consequently, the test was later given the name Wilcoxon T-test or simply as T. However, the name was lat er changed to W or t-test for non-independent population samples (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the Wilcoxon test is applicable The application of the Wilcoxon test is motivated by the improbability relating to the assumptions of normality in the t-test. For instance, Wilcoxon test is applicable in the situations that involve matched pairs as well as repeated dimension of similar items. Further, the Wilcoxon test is applied in the case where there are improper mean variations in the t-test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). In addition, the test remains indispensable in the circumstances when the distributions do not obey the normal essential suppositions. For example, in the normal parametric statistical procedures, the assumption is that the data will follow the uniform distributions. However, in the actual circumstances, the data do not follow the unifor m distribution. The test is also used when the variables are at least ordinal. In essence, the test is applied when similar participants carry out both situations for the study. In other words, the test is suitable for scrutiny of information that originates from recurring dimensional designs involving two situations. Further, the test is used when the statistics do not convene to the necessities for a parametric test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). In this regard, the test is suitable when the data are not distributed normally as well as when there are variations in marking the values of both the variances. In addition, for the Wilcoxon test to be carried out, the statistics must be measured on an ordinal scale. The sense behind conducting the test involves ranking the available figures to produce two order sums for individual situations. The methodical variation between the circumstances leads to placing the conditions with higher orders in one situation and the ones with lower ranks on the other situation (Jackson, 2009). Further, if the ranks are equivalent, then the orders are distributed in a similar array. The test is also significant in carrying out a single sample. For example, in conducting assessment on shopping centers, the use of Wilcoxon test is highly appropriate. In other words, in the study of several shops, the researcher would suppose that the respondents are probable to back up or object to questions put to them with an equal likelihood of half. In addition, when there is availability of various unrelated samples that require comparisons, the application of the Wilcoxon rank test is vital. When not to use the Wilcoxon test As indicated above the Wilcoxon test is used in the situations where the sample population is small. In the situations where the sampled population sizes are large, the Wilcoxon text cannot be applied (Cleves, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, while studying two population samples that are not identical or corresponding and the samples are large then Wilcoxon test is not applicable. Instead, unpaired t-test is used. The reason why the unpaired t-test is not preferable is that type 1 error is likely to be yielded particularly in the circumstances when the population sample size is small (Cleves, 2008). In other words, the unpaired t-test is preferable in the situations when the sample population size is large. However, when the distribution is skewed and the sample population is large, then Wilcoxon can still be applied (Martinez, 2007). In essence, Wilcoxon test yield better results when the paired population sample being studied is small. When paired sample sizes are large, then the Wilcoxon cannot be applied and instead the single t-test is used to test the variables. According to Jackson (2009), Wilcoxon test can be used in the place of the paire d student t-test. Wilcoxon test is appropriate in the evaluation of data that are derived from the repeated measures. In addition, in the circumstances that the derived data does not meet the parametric test requirements or when the data are not distributed normally, then the Wilcoxon test is applied. The test assumptions For the Wilcoxon test to be appropriate, several assumptions are applied (Kirk, 2006). The first assumption is that the data must be matched and have to be drawn from the corresponding populace. Secondly, independent and random pairing must be attained. The final assumption is that the data has to be ordinal. However, the normal distribution of data is necessary but not a must requirement (Kirk, 2006). The Wilcoxon test formula As indicated, the Wilcoxon test assumes a formula that test the median of sample sizes of the paired numbers. The sample size should be small. The hypothesis is whether there are variations in the medians of the sample pairs (Martinez, 2007) . In other words, the unacceptable premise tests whether there is no existing deviations in the paired sample middle measure while the acceptable premise tests otherwise. To derive the formula N is understood to be the size of the sample or the amount of paired samples. Therefore, the total data sample equals to 2N. If i=1, †¦.., N and x1i and x2i is to represent the measurements, then Wilcoxon test (W) ={∑[sgn(x2i-x1i)*Ri]}. In the formula, sgn represent the sign function while Ri represent the ranks (Martinez, 2007). As indicated, the hypothesis to be tested using the formula is as follows H0: there are no median differences between the pairs H1: median differences exist Conclusion In most cases, the Wilcoxon tests will be appropriate when the section the population to be tested is small and the distribution is not normal. The Wilcoxon tests contrasts the ordinary tests where the population is large and the distribution is average. However, most of the statistical tes ts do not behave in the normal distribution. In fact, in Wilcoxon tests, the data is not normally distributed and the sample sizes are small.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Wilcoxon tests are used in evaluating opinionated data as well as data that cannot be accurately measured. In other words, the measure is based on the nominal scale. Though data from opinions are normally difficult to measure, they are put in numerical scales that make it easier to be evaluated. In these kinds of data, there is no assumption that there is normal distribution. Therefore, Wilcoxon test would be appropriate. References Cleves, M. A. (2008). An introduction to survival analysis using stata. New York, NY: Stata Press. Gravetter, F. J. Wallnau, L. B. (2009). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Jackson, S. L. (2009). Statistics plain and simple. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Kirk, R. E. (2006). Statistics: An introduction. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Martinez, R. (2007). Diagnostics for choosing between Log-rank and Wilcoxon tests. Michigan, MI: ProQuest.

Compare and contrast thermodynamics and kinetics Essay

Compare and contrast thermodynamics and kinetics - Essay Example It studies the factors that affect reaction rates and the mechanisms in which the chemical reactions proceed. Kinetics is concerned with the measure of reaction rates of that proceed under specific conditions of pressure, temperature and concentration. This paper seeks to compare and contrast kinetics and thermodynamics. Thermodynamics is complementary to the theory of kinetic. It provides the relations between the physical properties of a system under specified measurements, while kinetics enables the calculations of the magnitude of the system’s properties. Thermodynamics determines the equilibrium of the reaction, the constant of the equilibrium, and it is also determined by enthalpy and entropy. On the other hand, kinetics determines the rate and speed of the reaction, the constant of the rate and it is determined by the activation energy. Thermodynamics and kinetics are hence related to one another in a chemical reaction. As described in the above paragraph, a chemical reaction contains aspects of both thermodynamics and kinetics. The kinetics related quantities are constant rate which is associated with the required activation energy for reaction to move forward, while thermodynamics is associated with the energy difference that results from a free energy released in the process of a chemical reaction. Although kinetics defines the speed and rate of reaction, they don’t specify conditions of the equilibrium. On the same note, thermodynamics only details the equilibrium conditions and says nothing about the rate and speed of reaction; hence the two are related and complement each

Japan's postwar economic development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Japan's postwar economic development - Essay Example Although there are different opinions about the fiscal policies that it has been following, this paper would make a positive evaluation of Japan’s economic past. Taking in to account the extraordinary economic growth that the nation has accomplished one can state that the nation’s transformation process was highly appreciable and unparallel to any other nations since the Second World War. As Duss rightly puts it, ‘The Japanese model of economic growth’ has become one of the most discussed topics among scholars and public officials (Duus, 1998, p.17). The economic growth of Japan after the World War II is often termed as a postwar miracle. Number of factors could be considered as the contributing forces behind the miracle including the United States’ investment. One can notice that it was the innovative economic policy of Japanese government on international trade and industry that paved the way for the nation’s rapid industrial and economic growth. The commercial and financial burden caused by the war remained a threat to Japan’s economy. Inflation, poverty, unemployment and related miseries reached their peak soon after the Second World War. The American government under the supervision of the allied powers played a pivotal role in Japan’s economic recovery. The SCAP (Supreme commander of the allied powers) official with an intention to prevent militarism as well as communism undertook the developmental programs. Military aggression in the Korean cape also boosted the economy in 1950 because the US g overnment contributed huge amount of special procurements for the nation. Today, Japan has become a potential competitor to USA and China with regard to the export of consumer goods and industrial products, and has proved to be one of the leading industrial powers among world nations. The initial target of postwar Japan was to enhance its production capabilities and become a self sufficient economy in

The Five Forces by Michael Porter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Five Forces by Michael Porter - Essay Example This model distinguished the strength of rivalry and hence the revenues and attractiveness of an industry. Five Forces Model can be utilized as an instrument to enhance a strategic edge over the rivalry of companies inside an industry in a competitive manner. The Five Forces Model is as follow (Bowers et al, 1990): The characteristics of these forces provide the companies the appropriate framework to give them the ability to create the necessary strategies in order to be successful in the industry (Thurby, 1998). To provide an in-depth review of the industry where a company dwells, the researcher will use Porter's five forces model (Campbell et al, 2002). The model of pure competition implies that risk-adjusted rates of return should be constant across firms and industries. However, numerous economic studies have affirmed that different industries can sustain different levels of profitability; part of this difference is explained by industry structure. Michael Porter provided a framework that models an industry as being influenced by five forces (Cemal and Keskin, 2003). The strategic business manager seeking to develop an edge over rival firms can use this model to better understand the industry context in which the firm operates. The discussion will be initially covered by the description of the buyer's power over the industry followed by the depiction of the power of suppliers over the companies (David, 1999). Another attribute of the industry that will be taken into account is the intens ity of competition among companies as well as the level of potency of new companies who have recently entered the market of retail. And finally, the ability of substitute product to affect the business disposition of a company will also be taken into consideration (David, 2001). Buyer's Power Based on Porter's five forces analysis, companies in the industry sell to a few large customers/buyers (Downes, 1999). Likewise, the industry also displays an apparent impracticality for customers/buyers to switch from one source of supply to another. This is reflected by the cost of raw materials as well as the costs of operations. Moreover, the products offered by companies in the industry are essentially interchangeable and indistinguishable (Gratton, 1999). The product

Glycolipids: Function and Structure

Glycolipids: Function and Structure Introduction Marine fungi are saprophytic or heterotrophic form of filamentous spore forming eukaryote microorganisms are extensively lives in the marine or estuarine ecosystem. The characterization and diversity of the marine fungi can be studied by the direct observation of morphological structure and next generation sequencing. Taxonomically characterized marine fungi are belongs to either facultative or obligate forms. Facultative forms are originally sourced from terrestrial or fresh water region but they are able to colonize and adopt with the marine habitat and the obligate are extensively live in marine ecosystem (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979). The fungi are extensively reported for the several biotechnological applications industrial utilization in enzymes, natural products and agriculture biocontrol etc. The marine fungus are taxonomically distinct (Jones et al., 2009), saline tolerant (Jennings, 1986), special biochemical properties (Damare et al., 2006). Interestingly, the marine fungi have the novelty than the obligate fungi and attracts in applications of omics (Damare et al., 2012). Generally, marine fungi can be isolated from the nutrient rich substrata such as decaying wood (harbour), coral reef (Le Campion- Alsumard et al., 1995), seagrases (Thirunavkkarasu, 2011) and mangrove ecosystem (Saravanakumar et al., 2012) and deep sea soil (Damare, 2007) are enhance distinct diversity of the obligate fungi (Sridhar, 2005). Among the marine substrate, mangrove is an second largest source for the isolation of obligate marine fungi (Ragukumar 2004). However, the biotechnological application of marine fungi differs with the terrestrial fungi due to their environmental adaptations and distributions. Many research focus on biotechnological utilization of natural products, enzymes, biocont rol, bioremediation, fuel conservation, waste management by using the marine fungi. A lot of structurally and pharmaceutically novel metabolites, isolated from marine fungi. However, this article focuses the glycollipids from the marine fungi and their properties, biological functions and applications. Glycolipids are a structurally very heterogenous group of membrane bound compound present in all living prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisams to human cells. The term of â€Å"glycolipid† is a compound contains one or more monosaccharides glycodidically linked in to a lipid (Brandenburg and Holst, 2005). Glycolipids are an essential constituent of cellular membrane and have the remarkable biological functions of cell aggregation or dissociation act as receptor of accepter to provide the contact. Several glycolipids has important role in immune system. Fungal glycolipidomics The glycolipids are interesting group of the compound occurred in cell wall of animals, microbes and plant sources (Pinto et al., 2008). The fungal glycolipids are composed of a sugar units usually glucose and galatose, hydrophobic ceramides, C19 sphingoid, C-9 metyl braches and unsaturated linkages with hydroxyhexadecanoic acids (Pinto et al., 2008). Glycoconjugates in fugal cell wall Glycoconjugates are composed of glycoprotins, peptides, glucons, polysaccharides, phosphoric acid, phospholipids, nitrogen and glycolipid molecules and found in the cell wall. Among the defining characteristics of fungal is cell wall complex architecture. Fungal cell walls are substantially thicker than bacterial cell walls and normally make up 10-30% of the biomass. They are freely permissible to small molecules and solute transport system and signalling receptors remains in cell membrane. A different cell wall found in the fungi comparing to animals and the role of these walls includes osmotic support, selective permeability and interaction with environment (Conzalexz et al., 2009). Fungal walls consist of covalently cross linked polysaccharides of ÃŽ ²-glycans and Chitin and several polysaccharides are covalently cross linked through glycosidic bonds (Pinto et al., 2008). Fungal glycolipids exterior Generally, the glycolipid molecules are found in cell membrane of all eukaryotic cell membranes, are contain the sugar called as glycolipids besides biologically produced biosurfactants are called as glycolipids. However, all type of glycolipids are biosurfactants but not all the biosurfactants are glycolipids (Mukherjee et al., 2006; Khopade et al., 2012). Simplest glycolipids contain the one or more sugars (Fig.) and complex glycolipids such as gangliosides contain a branch chain with several sugars. Cell membranes of the fungi have the many types membrane and are assembled from four compounds such as (i) phospholipids molecules, (ii) transmembrane proteins, (iii) inerter protein network, and (iv) cell surface markers are not identical. The glycolipids are formed in the cell wall of fungi by glycosylation in endoplasimic reticulam (ER) membrane sections and transfer the Golgi complex followed by plasma membrane (Fig). These add the sugar molecules chain to lipids called the sugar c oating lipids that extents the outside of fungal cells and differences were identified in glycolipids among fungal species and used as cell surface layer or marker besides glycolipids are also compound of the fatty acids contain carbohydrates, and nitrogen not phosphoric acids includes the certain compounds of the gangliosides, sulfolipids and salfatids (Pinto et al., 2008). The glycolipids are a marker for the cell identification of cell surface changes and are serving as fundamental building blocks of fungi, energy molecule or store, component of membrane constituents, signal molecule to interact the environmental compounds in through outer matrix, lectins, growth factor, and a potential factor of pathogenesis and immune responses (Hakomori, 1990; Springer and Lasky, 1991; Pinto et al., 2008). Moreover, the detail mechanism of role and properties of the glycolipids in fungus remain unclear. Marine fungal glycolipids Research on glycolipids from the marine resources has expanded the due attention due to its potential novelty in biotechnological applications. Muralidhar et al., (2003) have been reviewed the glycolipids from the marine resources such as algae (Lo et al., 2001), microorganisms: bacteria (Batrakov et al., 1998), fungi (Abraham et al., 1994), yeasts (Zinjarde and pant, 2002), actionbacteria (Kokare et al., 2007), sponges (pettit et al., 1999), gorgonians (Shin and Seo, 1995), sea anemones (Sugita et al., 1994), bryozoans (Ojika et al., 1997), tunicates (Loukaci et al., 2000), marine annelid (Noda et al., 1992), star fish (Sugiyama et al., 1988), sea cucumber (Higuchi et al., 1994), sea urchin (Babu et al., 1997) crinoids (Arao et al., 1999), molluscs (Yamaguchi et al., 1992), and marine crab (Asai et al., 2000). In terrestrial Fungus, in general yeasts have glycolipids as major constituents and are not the major compound in more fungal species. However, a high Glycolipids content of 11-16% of total lipids in Blastocladiella emersonii, the major compound of glycollipid is GalDAG and Gal2DAG (Mills and Cantino, 1974). The 61- 48 % of glycolipids is found in mycelia of Macrophomina phaseoline and the lower in the sclerotia (14-62%). However the glycolipids concentrations varied according the constituents of fermentation medium. The major compound of the fungal glycolipids identified as GalDAG and Gal2DAG based structural characterization. Further the major glycolipids of fungi is glycosphingolipids and D- glucosylceramides (Weete, 1980). Galactocerebrosides has been found in fungal species, of Aspergillus miger, C.utilis and S. cerevisae (Wagner and Zofcsik, 1969). Besides the fungal species Fusarium lini, Phycomycetes blakesleeanus and mushrooms are known to produce the glycolipids (Weiss et a l., 1973). Subsequently, the glycolipids are widely studied from Torulaspora delbruecki , Saccharomyes cerevisae, Candida glabrata, Kluyveromyes yarrowii, F. pedrosoi and K. polyporus (Saito et al., 2006 ; Pinto et al., 2008). The long chain sphingadinene has been first reported from Aspergillus oryzae (Fujino and Ohishi, 1976) and subsequently from Schizophyllum commune (Ballio et al., 1979), Fusicoccum amygdale (Ballio et al., 1979)), Clitocybe geotrope and Aspergillus fumigatus (Villas Boss et al., 1994), C. nebularis (Fodegel et al., 1986), A. niger(levery et al., 2000), A. versicolor (Walenkamp et al., 1999), Candida albicans (Matsubara et al., 1987), Acremonium chrysogenum (Sakaki et al., 2001), Cryptococcus neoformans (Rodrigues et al., 2000), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ( de Silva et al., 2004), Fonsecaea pedrosoi (Nimrichter et al., 2005), Hansenula anomala (Ng et al., 1977), Fusarium sp. (Duarte et al., 1998), Histoplasma capulatum (Toledo et al., 2001), Kluyeromyces wa ltii (Takakuwa et al., 2002), paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Takahahi et al., 1996), Magnaporthe grisea (Koga et al., 2006), Pichia pastoris (Sakaki et al., 2001), Saccharomyces klyuyveri (Takakuwa et al., 2002), Pseudallescheria boydii (Pinto et al., 2002), Termitomyces albuminosus (Qi et al., 2002) Sporothrix schenkii (Toledo et al., 2001). In marine fungi, very few studies are available on glycolipids of marine fungi (Table.1); the marine white rot marine fungi Nia vibrissae is producer of glycolipids with inhibitory activity, the binding of endotoxin Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to human endotoxin receptor (Helmholz et al., 1999). Marine fungi Gliocladium roseum KF-1040 is a producer of Roselipins can inhibit the enzyme diacylglycerol acyl transferase (Omura et al., 1999; Tomada et al., 1999; Tabata et al., 1999). Glycolipids derived from marine yeasts Calyptogena soyoae, Yarrowia lipolytica are effective on degradation of hydrocarbon (Zinjarde and pant, 2002; Konishi et al., 2010). Glycolipids synthesised form filamentous endosymbiotic Aspergillus ustus has the significant antimicrobial activity (Kiran et al., 2009). Several marine fungus such as Penicillum sp. F23-2 (Sun et al., 2009), Linincola laevis (Abraham et al., 1994), Fusarium sp (Li et al., 2002) and Microsphaeropsis olivacea (Keugen et al., 1996) are significa ntly produced the glycolipids with unknown application.

The House on Mango Street Feminist Elements :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

The House on Mango Street Feminist Elements Sandra Cisneros reveals her feminist views through her novel The House on Mango Street. She does this by forcing the reader to see the protagonist as an alienated artist and by creating many strong and intelligent female characters who serve as the protagonist's inspiration. The idea of the alienated artist is very common in feminist works. Esperanza, the protagonist, is alienated from the rest of society in many ways. Her Latino neighborhood seems to be excluded from the rest of the world, while Esperanza is also separated from the other members of her community. Members of other cultures are afraid to enter the neighborhood because they believe it is dangerous. Esperanza seems to be the only one who refuses to just accept Mango Street, and she dreams of someday leaving it behind. She is considered an artist because she has an extremely creative imagination which creates a conflict with the type of liberal individuality she seeks. This creative "genius survives even under the most adverse conditions..." (Gagnier 137). To escape the pain of this division, Esperanza turns to writing. She says, "I put it down on paper and then the ghost does not ache so much" (Cisneros 110). Gagnier sees a "distinction of the writer who nonetheless sees herself as somehow different, separate..." (137). Mango Street consists of mostly female characters. These characters are strong and inspirational, but they are unable to escape the suppression of the surrounding environment. According to one critic, "The girl's mother, for instance, has talent and brains, but lacks practical knowledge about society because, says Esperanza, Mexican men 'don't like their women strong' " (Matchie 69-70). It is Esperanza's mother who tells her to never be ashamed because shame can only hinder her dreams. In "The Three Sisters", the women tell Esperanza that she is special and remind her not to forget where she came from when she finally makes it out of Mango Street. This inspiration makes Esperanza understand that she must help others who aren't as fortunate to leave as she is. Esperanza is a very strong woman in herself. Her goals are not to forget her "reason for being" and "to grow despite the concrete" so as to achieve a freedom that's not separate from togetherness.

Importance of Education Essay

Generally, at the start of a very young age, children learn to develop and use their mental, moral and physical powers, which they acquire through various types of education. Education is commonly referred to as the process of learning and obtaining knowledge at school, in a form of formal education. However, the process of education does not only start when a child first attends school. Education begins at home. One does not only acquire knowledge from a teacher; one can learn and receive knowledge from a parent, family member and even an acquaintance. In almost all societies, attending school and receiving an education is extremely vital and necessary if one wants to achieve success. However, unfortunately we have places in the world, where not everyone has an opportunity to receive this formal type of education. The opportunities that are offered are greatly limited. Sometimes there are not enough resources to provide schooling. Furthermore because parents need their children to help them work in factories, have odd jobs, or just do farm work. Since it is not traditional, in some places, to receive a formal education, the one who receives an education is usually envied, praised and even admired by members of the community. Children sometimes look at other children with awe. Just the same way as one child might envy another because he got a new pair of sneakers, and wishes he could have too. There is a sense of admiration but at the same time there is a sense of jealousy as well. Seeing your peer doing better than yourself causes some tension and jealousy because of the scarce opportunities available. As a child, it’s hard to understand why there is a difference. Learning subjects in school is not enough. One can learn history, math, science in school, and be â€Å"book-smart†. In addition, one can learn how to live life by knowing what to say when, acting a certain way in certain situations and be â€Å"street-smart†. These two types of knowledge are extremely essential to be successful in life. For example, you can have all the â€Å"book† knowledge in the world about a certain profession, but if you don’t know how to behave with your co-workers and or your superiors, having â€Å"book†Ã‚  knowledge won’t get you too far. But no matter what, education is the key that allows people to move up in the world, seek better jobs, and ultimately succeed fully in life. Education is very important, and no one should be deprived of it.

Diabetes Mallitus essays

Diabetes Mallitus essays Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious health problems facing the Native American Indians today. The disease is very common in many tribes cross the United States. "Diabetes plagues our Navajo people and will continue to be an epidemic disease until each of us takes action". Diabetes mellitus is a disease that occurs when the body is not able to use sugar. The body needs sugar for growth and energy for daily activities. It gets sugar when it changes food into glucose (a form of sugar). A hormone called insulin is needed for the glucose to be taken up and used by the body for energy. In a non-diabetic person insulin is secreted in response to increases in blood glucose levels. When the blood glucose increases, insulin is producing lower blood glucose. So the body keeps the blood glucose at normal levels. Many people with diabetes do not produce enough insulin and must take it by injection. Because insulin is a protein it would be digested if taken orally. When a person is diagnosed with diabetes, which means the body cannot make use of the glucose in the blood for energy because either the pancreas is not able to make enough insulin or the insulin that is available is not effective. The beta cells in areas of the pancreas usually make insulin. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent (Type 1), noninsulin-dependent (Type 2), and gestational diabetes (occurs during pregnancy). In insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), the pancreas makes little or no insulin because the insulin-producing beta cells have been destroyed. This type appears most commonly in younger people under the age of 30. Treatment consists of daily insulin injections or use of an insulin pump, a planned diet and regular exercise, and daily self-monitoring of blood glucose. Type1 diabetes is relatively rare in Native American Indians. Many cases of Type1 diabetes are seen in people who have both American Indian and Caucasian heritag...

Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies

Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies Introduction The global industrialization issue is increasingly becoming an internationally contested issue with developed economies possessing great economic power over developing nations. As international business competition intensifies across all economies, the pressure in developed economies seems rigorous with investors opting to venture in the developing countries (Cate, 2009). Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Small, Medium, and Multinational Corporations have found suitable business environment within the developing nations, thus resulting to socio-economic growth of these nations. As a result, developing economies perceive this idea as a chance to expand economically regardless of the shortcomings. Intensive industrial research undertaken across these nations has exhibited several malpractice issues concerning b usiness implications on the environment. Efforts to protect the environment in developing economics are gradually dwindling with businesses burgeoning in great profits resulting to unanticipated controversies in such countries. Despite several efforts and literature on this menace, much of these unethical behaviors remain unsettled. This study explores â€Å"ethical implications of businesses in third world† regarding environmental pollution. Ethical implications of businesses pollution in third world There has been a nautical change in the world industrial economy paradigm as seen in its ramifications stretching on all aspects of human civilization. With this dramatic transformation largely precipitated by the globalization phenomenon, published literature posits that developed economies remain at stake of these changes (Saee, 2009). The sensation in people around developing nations is that this globalization phenomenon results in the advancement in the economy, but they f orget the implications embedded in the transformation. A number of empirical and theoretical studies have focused on economical plunge and neglected crucial business ethics governing the globalised business environment. According to Cate (2009), research has identified several business malpractices related to environmental concerns. Air pollution, water contamination, and soil pollution have been critical environmental issues affecting countries in developing economies. Coupled with technological innovation, intensified global business capital from multinational corporations and the escalating desperate poverty conditions in developing nations, the environmental menace remains a contentious matter. Air being an essential supportive component to human life, the quality of the atmosphere has continuously deteriorated due to industrial malpractices. Ahuja and Tatsutani (2009) assert, â€Å"Energy use in many developing countries is a significant and immediate cause of high levels of air pollution and other forms of environmental degradation† (p.7). Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The increased globalization aspect has resulted in innovation of powerful energy machineries that provide heavy air pollutants. Research has identified low quality fuel with heavy compounds of lead as the most commonly consumed fuel type in some less fortunate African and Asian countries. Lead forms the highest percent of the conventional air pollutants across the entire world. This situation is non-exceptional in water and soil contamination and commercialization of fossil energy and related technologies intensifying the problem. Ahuja and Tatsutani (2009) postulate, â€Å"the extraction of commercial fuels like coal and oil is often highly damaging to local ecosystems and becomes an immediate cause of land and water pollution† (p.7). Reasons why businesses disregard standards of pollution control The deteriorating environmental quality is gradually influencing the health life of human beings with the quality of life largely affected. Harmonization efforts in the provision of a balanced ecosystem in developing countries have remained the greatest challenge. Despite the massive environmental hazards witnessed in developing economies, provision of possible remedies has remained a challenge towards averting this mayhem. The real meaning of third world refers to countries living in economically disadvantaged zones and hence these regions remain poverty-stricken. Poverty remains an internationally debated issue with the turmoil becoming more apparent in developing economies as compared to developed economies (Cate, 2009). The gradually increasing poverty is threatening the life of the surging population across developing nations especially in Africa and Asia. Coupled with unemployment and economical uncertainties, Multinational Corporations have used these elements as a scapegoat to continue practicing unethical behaviors in developing economies. Therefore, the escalating desperate poverty situations pave chances for corporations to disregard standards of pollution control. Considerable research has concluded that socio-economic and political factors underscore the increased breaching of globalization and liberalization policies and ethics that concern environmental care. Apart from poverty as a socio-economic issue, the political satire in the developing countries has marred efforts undertaken to provide fair ecosystem. Due to poor political practices, which define the broadening margin between the poor and the wealthy in developing countries, Multinational Corporations will continue with their malpractices. Saee (2009) affirms, â€Å"Bribery seems to be more extensive in developing nations†¦there is a prevalence of bribery in most Asian, African, and Middle Eastern nations regardless of its legal ity† (p.50). Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Ethical Implications of Businesses in Third World Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Apart from the natural living phenomenon that may explain the distinction between developed and developing nations, political contribution contributes most of the socio-economical challenges. International business tycoons are mostly the owners of Multinational Corporations with great affluence that propels political realms through corruption across developing economies. Economic progress and development Economists have associated the degree of environmental pollution with economic advancement. The statement, â€Å"the higher the pollution, the higher the economic development† is a sticky notion embedded in human beings with its ramification remaining unclear. Across the world, the issue of industrialization has received mixed reactions with some industrial scie ntists supporting the transformation as environmentalist counter. Despite the fact that advancement in industrial operations has resulted to greater socio-economic growth, pollution should not be the price of progress in front of global watch. Ahuja and Tatsutani (2009) postulate, â€Å"whether governments are chiefly concerned with economic growth, environmental protection or energy security, it is clear that a continuation of current energy trends will have many undesirable consequences at best† (p.15). Industrial growth is persistently leading to dangerous era where environment will become the greatest hazard to human health. In normal circumstances, the usual justification for industrialization across the world is that it helps the needy and thus environmental malpractices continuously becoming a dispute. Through negligence and poor leadership, the increase in environmental degradation is becoming a challenge in developing economies. Pollution controls and environmental protection Controversially, the truth remains that for developing countries to remain economically stable, industrial growth must be acceptable as industrialization and economic augmentation are inseparable. However, industrial growth is gradually proving more harmful and helpful in the sense that several uncertainties including social and environmental hazards are projecting from the globalised phenomenon. Unfortunately, businesses in the developing world have become more profit-oriented than how human civilization requires (Cate, 2009). Conventionally, any developing country strives to stabilize economically and reduce overreliance of support from developed economies. However, this move should not be a propelling factor to disregard standards of pollution control, as human health and safe environment are non-compensated matters. Despite the fact that industrial development and economic growth are concurrent issues that nothing can separate them, industries must not deter environ mental control. Through conducive environment, industries are capable of handling their functions effectively and safely. The environment is only safe if the air, soil, and water are secure.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human moral right over environmental issues Environmental concerns and human life are interdependent issues. Human beings will remain healthy only under a conducive and secure atmosphere and the opposite is true. Inauspicious environment leads to several human uncertainties including altering with underlying health issues that form basics of human existence. Since environment forms the basis of human existence with essentials of life being water, air, and land (soil), poisoning these components might be detrimental. Based on such human factors, human beings have a moral right to a livable environment regardless of their home country. Saee (2009) postulates, â€Å"the society allows organizations to operate within certain parameters and the business is expected to operate in a manner consistent with the societal interest† (p.53). Environmental uncertainties have always affiliated with differences in the moral philosophies that undermine values and normal systems of various c ultures. Philosophers perceive morals as principles used by human to make decisions and thus environmental protection must be a priority within people. Role of developed economies in environmental issues in third world Since the historical point of view, industrialization phenomenon has been streaming from developed economies and gradually penetrating to the developed economies in an unprecedented manner. Developed countries â€Å"are overwhelmingly responsible for current levels of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, numerous analyses conclude that the myriad burdens of global warming are likely to fall disproportionately on developing countries† (Ahuja Tatsutani, 2009, p.7). The nature of industrial growth from one nation to another has remained a unique with its consequences remaining unequally distributed across developed and developing economies. Normally, both developed and developing economies benefit from the industrialization growth, but repercussions have becom e stronger in the less fortunate nations. Sizable power has existed in the first world countries with their business moguls interested in venturing in developing nations. International business tycoons have been behind the existing industrial competition across the globe with the majority of them originating from developed economies. However, it seems abnormal to condemn industrial development, as the need for economic growth remains a priority for many. Developed economies have had a great impact on the industrial growth and overall economic influence to developing nations (Cate, 2009). Therefore, much of the blame pertaining to environmental pollution in developing counties lays in developed economies that have triggered industrial growth and ignored environmental control remedies as well neglecting business ethics. Proposed plan for uniform global pollution control The environmental pollution menace remains more of an international issue than just regional or continental matter. Despite the repercussions of industrialization being more effective on developed economies due to social and economic matters, a more aggressive approach is necessary to handle this mayhem equally. Based on the assessment of the prevailing condition, there is a need for businesses to collaborate with the environment by applying concepts of business ethics, business ecology, and environmental ethics. Business ethics are non-mandatory system of certain standards of behaviors that businesses must follow. In a bid to help in averting this mind-nabbing environmental matter, all profit-based organization must form business code of conduct across the world to guide them through the right business protocols. Saee (2009) asserts, â€Å"The need for a comprehensive, cohesive, and universal code of conduct for entrepreneurs and organizations doing business internationally is paramount† (p.56). Firms should also work in accordance with their self-designed values, which must follow eth ical standards and engage in business accords with nations. However, the above discussion does not cover the proposed uniform global pollution control plan. For this study to help avert this situation, a universal plan is essential. The plan entails developing a strong international industrial research that targets on informing business organizations to understand, embrace, and employ business standards based on business ethics, business ecology, and environmental ethics. The plan will involve welcoming global research through a designed site that will acquire information on issues pertaining environmental pollution and remedies that will help to improve the existing condition across the globe. The research will emphasize on alternative ideas on the remedies that will ensure the environment with industries remain conserved, especially embracing the great technology. For people to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, â€Å"greater awareness on the increased efficiency, de-carbonizatio n, greater fuel diversity and lower pollutant emissions is essential† (Ahuja Tatsutani, 2009, p.15). Green technology has been the most appropriate means of replacing the energy sector with assurance of greater efficacy. Means of enforcing the proposed plan Renewable energy technologies including wind energy, solar, and biomass have greatly assisted in reducing the global consumption of petroleum-based fuels. This plan will welcome an extensive international research on biological fuels and petroleum-based fuels through designed site that will allow researchers to provide their research findings for validation. After proper validation of the compiled reports, the researcher will design an international site where people will acquire information regarding global environmental pollution and protection strategies. For instance, Ahuja and Tatsutani propose (2009), â€Å"improving vehicle performance by improved efficiency and emissions controls and promoting sustainable, low-ca rbon biofuels as an alternative to petroleum-based fuels† (p.10) as two important ways of averting environmental conservation. The newly developed site will have prerequisites that all industries must play a role. The researcher will liaise with international organs dealing with industrial ethics. This site will become a mandate for all industries globally where they can obtain environmental knowledge. Conclusion The world of globalization and industrialization is gradually receiving an international challenge concerning environmental conservation matters. Controversially, for developing countries to remain economically stable, industrial growth must be acceptable as industrialization and economic augmentation are inseparable (Cate, 2009). Published literature notes that developed economies remain at stake of these changes. Research has identified low quality fuel with large quantities of lead as the most commonly consumed fuel type in some less fortunate African and Asian c ountries. Harmonization efforts in the provision of a balanced ecosystem in developing countries have however remained the greatest challenge. Despite the massive environmental hazards witnessed in developing economies, provision of possible remedies has remained a challenge towards averting this mayhem (Cate, 2009). The gradually increasing poverty is threatening the life of the surging population across developing nations especially in Africa and Asia. Coupled with unemployment, political influence, and economical uncertainties, Multinational Corporations have used this element as a scapegoat to continue practicing unethical behaviors in developing economies. Nevertheless, the situation can be rescued by following the few recommendations stipulated in this paper coupled with other appropriate measures. Reference List Ahuja, D., Tatsutani, M. (2009). Sustainable energy for developing countries. Journal of S.A.P.I.EN.S, 2(1), 1-16. Cate, R. (2009). The impact of international trad e on less developed countries. Business Intelligence Journal, 2(1), 113-137. Saee, J. (2009). Ethical challenges confronting entrepreneurs within contemporary global economy: In search of anew world ethics. Journal of Management Systems, 21(1), 49-59.

Non-identity problem and the ethics of climate change Essay

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A Long Short Screenplay and Step Outline about homelessness and hunger Research Paper

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